# Lawyers in Poland > Global perspective on local issues. --- ## Strony - [RGPD y Condiciones de Servicio](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/rgpd-y-condiciones-de-servicio/) - [Asesoramiento de expertos](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/asesoramiento-de-expertos/) - [Glosario](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/glosario/) - [Descubra abogados en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/descubra-abogados-en-polonia/) - [Premios](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/premios/) - [Contacto](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/contacto/) - [Pautas](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/pautas/) - [Experiencia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/experiencia/) - [Equipo](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/equipo/) - [Qué podemos hacer por usted](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/que-podemos-hacer-por-usted/): Kopeć & Zaborowski (KKZ) es uno de los principales despachos de abogados de servicio completo en Polonia, establecido en 2015... - [Página principal](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/) - [Найдите юристов в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b9%d0%b4%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b5-%d1%8e%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b2-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/) - [Контакт](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%ba%d1%82/) - [RODO и условия обслуживания](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/rodo-%d0%b8-%d1%83%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%81%d0%bb%d1%83%d0%b6%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f/) - [Награды](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b4%d1%8b/) - [Руководящие принципы](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%8f%d1%89%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%bf%d1%8b/) - [Опыт](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%be%d0%bf%d1%8b%d1%82/) - [Команда](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b0/) - [Юридические фирмы](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%8e%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%84%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%bc%d1%8b/): Мы предоставляем поддержку юридическим фирмам, работающим в Польше и других странах, которые нуждаются в профессиональных консультациях в области уголовного права.... - [Лица](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0/): Мы предоставляем комплексные юридические услуги частным клиентам в области уголовного права на всех этапах процесса. Наша особенность — индивидуальный подход... - [Бизнес](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%bd%d0%b5%d1%81/): Благодаря нашим глубоким знаниям в области уголовного права и пониманию проблем, с которыми сталкиваются компании, мы предоставляем бизнесу комплексные и... - [Для кого мы работаем](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b4%d0%bb%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bc/) - [Что мы делаем](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%87%d1%82%d0%be-%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bc/): Kopeć & Zaborowski — одна из ведущих юридических фирм Польши. У нас самая большая команда в Польше, занимающаяся уголовным правом... - [Discover Lawyers in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/discover-lawyers-in-poland/): A brief overview of our practice areas and how we support foreign clients in Poland. - [Glossary](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/) - [Expert advice](https://lawyersinpoland.com/expert-advice/) - [Домашняя страница](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/) - [Awards](https://lawyersinpoland.com/awards/) - [Guidelines](https://lawyersinpoland.com/guidelines/) - [Experience](https://lawyersinpoland.com/experience/) - [What can we do for you](https://lawyersinpoland.com/what-we-do/): Kopeć & Zaborowski (KKZ) is one of the leading Polish full-service law firms, established in 2015 and fully funded with... - [Team](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/) - [Contact](https://lawyersinpoland.com/contact/) - [RODO & terms of service](https://lawyersinpoland.com/rodo/): Privacy Policy In connection with its business activities and the operation of the website https://lawyersinpoland. com/ (the „Website”), Kopeć Zaborowski... - [Lawyers in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/) --- ## Wpisy - [Perfeccionamiento de un plan de fusión pionero en el sector energético](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/perfeccionamiento-de-un-plan-de-fusion-pionero-en-el-sector-energetico/): KKZ revisó meticulosamente y optimizó un complejo plan de fusión entre dos empresas energéticas líderes, incorporando estructuras innovadoras de garantías... - [Gestión de una inversión residencial compleja bajo limitaciones financieras](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/gestion-de-una-inversion-residencial-compleja-bajo-limitaciones-financieras/): KKZ apoyó a una empresa de gestión inmobiliaria en la asunción del control de una promoción residencial cerca de Varsovia,... - [Disolución innovadora de una sociedad por acciones simplificada sin liquidación](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/disolucion-innovadora-de-una-sociedad-por-acciones-simplificada-sin-liquidacion/): KKZ asesoró a una start-up en el uso pionero de un mecanismo jurídico recientemente introducido para disolver una sociedad por... - [Fortalecimiento del gobierno corporativo a la luz de las nuevas reformas legales](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/fortalecimiento-del-gobierno-corporativo-a-la-luz-de-las-nuevas-reformas-legales/): KKZ prestó servicios integrales de asesoramiento societario para apoyar la adaptación a las recientes enmiendas del Código de Sociedades Comerciales,... - [Transferencia operativa fluida en el sector de las telecomunicaciones](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/transferencia-operativa-fluida-en-el-sector-de-las-telecomunicaciones/): KKZ asesoró a un proveedor líder de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones en la asunción exitosa de operaciones de mantenimiento de una... - [Inversión transfronteriza para una tecnología revolucionaria del agua](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/inversion-transfronteriza-para-una-tecnologia-revolucionaria-del-agua/): KKZ asesoró a una empresa innovadora del sector del agua y las bebidas en la obtención de inversión internacional para... - [Defensa de los intereses de la empresa y del consejo de administración en una disputa de franquicia de alto riesgo](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/defensa-de-los-intereses-de-la-empresa-y-del-consejo-de-administracion-en-una-disputa-de-franquicia-de-alto-riesgo/): KKZ representó a una empresa y a su consejo de administración en un litigio complejo que incluía reclamaciones de responsabilidad... - [Estructuración estratégica de la salida en un grupo corporativo complejo](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/estructuracion-estrategica-de-la-salida-en-un-grupo-corporativo-complejo/): KKZ brindó asesoramiento jurídico para gestionar una compleja salida de un inversor, garantizando una transición fluida y protegiendo los intereses... - [Pioneros en la liquidación de una sociedad por acciones simple](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/pioneros-en-la-liquidacion-de-una-sociedad-por-acciones-simple/): KKZ llevó a cabo uno de los primeros procesos de liquidación de una sociedad por acciones simple en Polonia, demostrando... - [Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/defending-corporate-and-board-interests-in-a-high-stakes-franchise-dispute-2/): KKZ представляла компанию и её совет директоров в сложном судебном процессе, включающем требования личной ответственности и ущерб, превышающий 8,5 миллиона... - [Укрепление корпоративного управления в свете новых правовых реформ](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%ba%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d1%83%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8/): KKZ предоставила комплексное корпоративно-правовое сопровождение для приведения деятельности в соответствие с последними изменениями Кодекса коммерческих компаний, с акцентом на пересмотр... - [Совершенствование новаторского плана слияния в энергетическом секторе](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%88%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bd/): KKZ тщательно проверила и оптимизировала сложный план слияния между двумя ведущими энергетическими компаниями, внедрив инновационные структуры гарантий и раскрытия информации.... - [Управление сложным жилищным инвестиционным проектом в условиях финансовых ограничений](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%83%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b6%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%bc-%d0%b6%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%89%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%bc-%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8/): KKZ оказала поддержку компании по управлению недвижимостью при принятии контроля над жилым проектом рядом с Варшавой, преодолев финансовые сложности за... - [Инновационное прекращение деятельности простого акционерного общества без ликвидации](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%8f%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bd%d0%be/): KKZ консультировала стартап по новаторскому применению недавно введённого правового механизма прекращения деятельности простого акционерного общества в обход традиционной ликвидации путём... - [Бесшовная передача операционной деятельности в телекоммуникационном секторе](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b1%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%88%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b0%d1%87%d0%b0-%d0%be%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b9-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%8f/): KKZ консультировала ведущего поставщика телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры по успешному принятию на себя эксплуатационно-технического обслуживания от дочерней компании Orange Poland без необходимости... - [Трансграничные инвестиции в революционную водную технологию](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8e%d1%86/): KKZ консультировала инновационную компанию в сфере воды и напитков по вопросу привлечения международных инвестиций для её запатентованной системы извлечения минеральных... - [Стратегическое структурирование выхода в сложной корпоративной группе](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b5-%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85/): KKZ предоставила юридическое сопровождение сложного выхода инвестора, обеспечив плавный переход и защиту интересов остающегося акционера. KKZ была поручена юридическая задача... - [Новаторская ликвидация простого акционерного общества](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d0%b0%d0%ba%d1%86/): KKZ сопровождала один из первых в Польше процессов прекращения деятельности простого акционерного общества, продемонстрировав способность адаптироваться к правовым инновациям. KKZ... - [Pioneering the liquidation of a simple joint-stock company](https://lawyersinpoland.com/pioneering-the-liquidation-of-a-simple-joint-stock-company/): KKZ handled one of the first winding-up processes of a simple joint-stock company in Poland, showcasing its adaptability to legal... - [Strategic exit structuring in a complex corporate group](https://lawyersinpoland.com/strategic-exit-structuring-in-a-complex-corporate-group/): KKZ provided legal guidance in navigating a complex investor exit, ensuring a smooth transition and safeguarding the interests of the... - [Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute](https://lawyersinpoland.com/defending-corporate-and-board-interests-in-a-high-stakes-franchise-dispute/): KKZ represented a company and its management board in a complex litigation involving personal liability claims and damages exceeding PLN... - [Cross-border Investment for a revolutionary water technology](https://lawyersinpoland.com/cross-border-investment-for-a-revolutionary-water-technology/): KKZ advised a groundbreaking water and beverage company in securing international investment for its patented mineral harnessing system, delivering a... - [Seamless operational transfer in the telecom sector](https://lawyersinpoland.com/seamless-operational-transfer-in-the-telecom-sector/): KKZ advised a leading telecom infrastructure provider on the successful takeover of maintenance operations from an Orange Poland subsidiary, without... - [Strengthening corporate governance in light of new legal reforms](https://lawyersinpoland.com/strengthening-corporate-governance-in-light-of-new-legal-reforms/): KKZ provided comprehensive corporate advisory services to support alignment with recent amendments to the Commercial Companies Code, with a focus... - [Innovative winding-up of a simple joint-stock company without liquidation](https://lawyersinpoland.com/innovative-winding-up-of-a-simple-joint-stock-company-without-liquidation/): KKZ advised a start-up on the pioneering use of a newly introduced legal mechanism for dissolving a simple joint-stock company... - [Managing Complex Residential Investment Under Financial Constraints](https://lawyersinpoland.com/managing-complex-residential-investment-under-financial-constraints/): KKZ supported a property management company in assuming control over a residential development near Warsaw, overcoming financing challenges through strategic... - [Enhancing a Pioneering Merger Plan in the Energy Sector](https://lawyersinpoland.com/enhancing-a-pioneering-merger-plan-in-the-energy-sector/): KKZ meticulously reviewed and optimized a complex merger plan between two leading energy companies, incorporating innovative warranty and disclosure structures.... --- ## Pojęcia - [Injunction (interim measure)](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/injunction-interim-measure/): Injunction (interim measure) What is an injunction? An injunction, often described as an interim measure, is a court order used... - [Trade secret](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/trade-secret/): Trade secret What is a trade secret? A trade secret is confidential business information that has economic value because it... - [Bankruptcy](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/bankruptcy/): Bankruptcy What is bankruptcy? Bankruptcy is a formal legal procedure used when a debtor is no longer able to meet... - [Estonian CIT](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/estonian-cit/): Estonian CIT What is Estonian CIT? Estonian CIT is a corporate income tax model available in Poland under the rules... - [Whistleblower protection](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/whistleblower-protection/): Whistleblower protection What is whistleblower protection? Whistleblower protection refers to legal and organisational measures designed to protect individuals who report... - [Branch Office](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/branch-office/): Branch Office What is a branch office? A branch office is a separate organisational unit through which a business carries... - [Data breach notification](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/data-breach-notification/): Data breach notification What is data breach notification? Data breach notification is the process of informing the competent supervisory authority... - [Land and mortgage register](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/land-and-mortgage-register/): Land and mortgage register What is a land and mortgage register? A land and mortgage register is an official public... - [GDPR compliance](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/gdpr-compliance/): GDPR compliance What is GDPR compliance? GDPR compliance means aligning an organisation’s personal data practices with Regulation (EU) 2016/679, known... - [General anti-avoidance rule (GAAR)](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/general-anti-avoidance-rule-gaar/): General anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) What is the general anti-avoidance rule? The general anti-avoidance rule, commonly referred to as GAAR, is... - [Perpetual usufruct](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/perpetual-usufruct/): Perpetual usufruct What is perpetual usufruct? Perpetual usufruct is a legal institution known in Polish law as użytkowanie wieczyste. It... - [Lease agreement](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/lease-agreement/): Lease agreement What is a lease agreement? A lease agreement is a contract under which one party grants another party... - [Real estate SPV](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/real-estate-spv/): Real estate SPV What is a real estate SPV? A real estate SPV, or special purpose vehicle, is a separate... - [Statute of limitations](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/statute-of-limitations/): Statute of limitations What is a statute of limitations? A statute of limitations is a legal rule that sets the... - [Force majeure](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/force-majeure/): Force majeure What is force majeure? Force majeure is a legal concept used to describe extraordinary events that are beyond... - [Mortgage](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/mortgage/): Mortgage What is a mortgage? A mortgage is a legal mechanism used to secure repayment of a debt, most often... - [IP Box regime](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/ip-box-regime/): IP Box regime What is the IP Box regime? The IP Box regime is a preferential tax mechanism that allows... - [Restructuring proceedings](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/restructuring-proceedings/): Restructuring proceedings What are restructuring proceedings? Restructuring proceedings are formal legal procedures designed to help a financially distressed business avoid... - [Corporate criminal liability](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/corporate-criminal-liability/): Corporate criminal liability What is corporate criminal liability? Corporate criminal liability refers to the legal responsibility of a company or... - [R&D tax relief](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/rd-tax-relief/): R&D tax relief What is R&D tax relief? R&D tax relief is a tax mechanism that allows businesses to reduce... - [Copyright](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/copyright/): Copyright What is copyright? Copyright is a legal framework that protects original works of authorship once they are created and... - [Anti-money laundering (AML)](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/anti-money-laundering-aml/): Anti-money laundering (AML) What is anti-money laundering (AML)? Anti-money laundering (AML) refers to the legal, regulatory, and organisational framework designed... - [Patent](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/patent/): Patent What is a patent? A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention that meets specific legal requirements.... - [Trademark](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/trademark/): Trademark What is a trademark? A trademark is a sign used to distinguish the goods or services of one business... - [Liquidation](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/liquidation/): Liquidation What is liquidation? Liquidation is a legal and economic process aimed at ending the activity of a company or... - [Enforcement proceedings](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/enforcement-proceedings/): Enforcement proceedings What are enforcement proceedings? Enforcement proceedings are legal measures used to compel a debtor to satisfy an obligation... - [Mediation](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/mediation/): Mediation What is mediation? Mediation is a structured method of resolving a dispute with the assistance of a neutral third... - [Double taxation treaty](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/double-taxation-treaty/): Double taxation treaty What is a double taxation treaty? A double taxation treaty, also called a double tax agreement or... - [Recognition of foreign judgments](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/recognition-of-foreign-judgments/): Recognition of foreign judgments What is recognition of foreign judgments? Recognition of foreign judgments is the legal process through which... - [FDI screening](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/fdi-screening/): FDI screening What is FDI screening? FDI screening is a legal and regulatory review of foreign direct investment carried out... - [Management contract (B2B)](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/management-contract-b2b/): Management contract (B2B) What is a management contract? 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Shareholder rights refer to the set of legal entitlements and protections granted to individuals or entities... - [Business dispute](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/business-dispute/): What is a business dispute? A business dispute refers to a legal conflict arising between companies, business partners, shareholders, contractors,... - [Transfer pricing](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/transfer-pricing/): What is transfer pricing? Transfer pricing refers to the rules and methods governing the pricing of transactions between related entities... - [Corporate restructuring plan](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/corporate-restructuring-plan/): What is a corporate restructuring plan? A corporate restructuring plan is a formal legal document outlining the strategic, operational, financial,... - [Limited Liability Company](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/limited-liability-company/): What Is a Limited Liability Company (LLC)? 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It regulates... - [Intellectual Property](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/intellectual-property/): What Is Intellectual Property? Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, artistic works, designs, and... - [Consumer Rights](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/consumer-rights/): What Are Consumer Rights? Consumer rights are the legal protections granted to individuals when purchasing goods or services. These rights... - [Arbitration](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/arbitration/): What Is Arbitration? Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method in which the parties to a conflict agree to... - [Extradition](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/extradition/): Extradition is the formal legal process by which one country surrenders a person accused or convicted of a crime to... - [Company Registration](https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/company-registration/): What Is Company Registration? 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[Стоимость открытия компании в Польше: реалистичный разбор бюджета](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8c-%d0%be%d1%82%d0%ba%d1%80%d1%8b%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): Стоимость регистрации компании в Польше складывается из обязательных государственных пошлин, транзакционных расходов (как правило, нотариус и переводы), а также бизнес‑затрат... - [Company Address in Poland: Virtual Office vs Real Office Risks](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/company-address-in-poland-virtual-office-vs-real-office-risks/): A company address in Poland is the location used to identify the company in legal and business transactions and to... - [Филиал или дочерняя компания в Польше: что выбрать иностранному бизнесу](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d1%84%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb-%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d0%be%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8f%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): Филиал в Польше — это организационно обособленное подразделение иностранной компании, которое ведёт деятельность на территории Польши под наименованием материнской компании.... - [Выбор правильной организационно-правовой формы: Sp. z o.o. vs PSA vs индивидуальный предприниматель](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b9-%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b3%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0/): Выбор организационно-правовой формы бизнеса в Польше — это ключевое решение, которое определяет порядок налогообложения, распределение ответственности, модель управления, а также... - [Адрес компании в Польше: риски виртуального офиса и реального офиса](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d0%b0%d0%b4%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%81-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5-%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%80%d1%82%d1%83%d0%b0%d0%bb/): Адрес компании в Польше — это место, используемое для идентификации компании в юридических и коммерческих отношениях, а также для получения... - [Choosing the Right Legal Form: Sp. z o.o. vs PSA vs Sole Trader](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/choosing-the-right-legal-form-sp-z-o-o-vs-psa-vs-sole-trader/): Choosing a legal form in Poland is the decision that defines how a business is taxed, how liability is allocated,... - [Branch vs Subsidiary in Poland: What Foreign Businesses Should Choose](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/branch-vs-subsidiary-in-poland-what-foreign-businesses-should-choose/): A branch in Poland is an organisationally separated part of a foreign company that conducts business in Poland under the... - [Sp. z o.o. (польское ООО) — объяснение для международных основателей](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/sp-z-o-o-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b5-%d0%be%d0%be%d0%be-%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%8a%d1%8f%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b4%d0%bb%d1%8f-%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%b6%d0%b4/): Sp. z o. o. (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością) — это польская форма общества с ограниченной ответственностью, широко используемая международными основателями... - [Management Board Liability in Poland: What Foreign Directors Must Know](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/management-board-liability-in-poland-what-foreign-directors-must-know/): Management Board Liability in Poland: What Foreign Directors Must Know Management board liability in Poland means that members of a... - [Starting an Online Store in Poland: Registration, Consumer Law, GDPR, and Tax Basics](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/starting-an-online-store-in-poland-registration-consumer-law-gdpr-and-tax-basics/): Starting an Online Store in Poland: Registration, Consumer Law, GDPR, and Tax Basics An online store in Poland is a... - [Why Start a Business in Poland? Benefits for Foreign Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/why-start-a-business-in-poland-benefits-for-foreign-investors/): Starting a business in Poland means establishing a commercial presence governed primarily by Polish corporate, tax, labor, and regulatory rules,... - [How to Incorporate Your Business in Poland: A Foreigner's Guide to Registration and Taxes](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/how-to-incorporate-your-business-in-poland-a-foreigners-guide-to-registration-and-taxes/): Incorporation in Poland is the legal process of creating a separate legal entity (most often a limited liability company) that... - [Common Mistakes When Starting a Business in Poland: Tips for Foreign Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/common-mistakes-when-starting-a-business-in-poland-tips-for-foreign-investors/): Starting a business in Poland means establishing a legally compliant operating structure (most often a commercial company), registering it in... - [How to Incorporate a Business in Poland as a Foreigner: A Step-by-Step Guide](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/how-to-incorporate-a-business-in-poland-as-a-foreigner-a-step-by-step-guide/): Incorporating a business in Poland as a foreigner means formally creating a legal entity (or registering a sole trader, where... - [How to Register Your Company in Poland: Essential Legal Steps for Foreign Entrepreneurs](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/how-to-register-your-company-in-poland-essential-legal-steps-for-foreign-entrepreneurs/): Company registration in Poland is a formal process of creating a legal entity (or setting up a branch) that can... - [Incorporating a Business in Poland: How to Choose the Right Business Structure for Foreigners](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/incorporating-a-business-in-poland-how-to-choose-the-right-business-structure-for-foreigners/): Incorporating a business in Poland means selecting a legally recognised form of conducting economic activity and completing the required registration... - [Pvt Limited Company Registration in Poland: Step-by-Step Process for International Clients](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/pvt-limited-company-registration-in-poland-step-by-step-process-for-international-clients/): A “private limited company” in Poland typically corresponds to a limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, “sp. z o.... - [Setting Up a Limited Liability Company (LLC) in Poland: What Foreigners Need to Know](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/setting-up-a-limited-liability-company-llc-in-poland-what-foreigners-need-to-know/): A limited liability company in Poland – the “spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością” (sp. z o. o. ) – is a... - [Starting a Startup in Poland: What Foreign Entrepreneurs Need to Know About Incorporation](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/starting-a-startup-in-poland-what-foreign-entrepreneurs-need-to-know-about-incorporation/): Incorporation is the formal process of creating a legal entity under Polish law, registering it in the National Court Register... - [The Complete Guide to Offshore Company Formation in Poland for Foreign Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/the-complete-guide-to-offshore-company-formation-in-poland-for-foreign-investors/): “Offshore company formation in Poland” is often used by foreign investors to describe setting up a Polish company that is... - [Business Incorporation Services in Poland: A Complete Guide for International Companies](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/business-incorporation-services-in-poland-a-complete-guide-for-international-companies/): Business incorporation services in Poland cover the legal and administrative steps required to establish a Polish entity (or register a... - [The Legal Requirements for Incorporating a Business in Poland as a Foreigner](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/the-legal-requirements-for-incorporating-a-business-in-poland-as-a-foreigner/): Incorporating a business in Poland as a foreigner means legally establishing a Polish-registered entity (most commonly a limited liability company... - [Directors' & Officers' Liability in Poland: Navigating Business Judgment Rule and Compliance Programs](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/directors-officers-liability-in-poland-navigating-business-judgment-rule-and-compliance-programs/): In today’s complex corporate environment, directors and officers of companies operating in Poland face increasing scrutiny regarding their decision-making processes.... - 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Foreign companies now routinely engage Polish professionals... - [Data Breach Response in Poland in 2025: Coordinating GDPR, NIS2 and Sector-Specific Notification Duties](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/data-breach-response-in-poland-in-2025-coordinating-gdpr-nis2-and-sector-specific-notification-duties/): Effective data breach response in Poland in 2025 is no longer a matter of internal IT hygiene – it is... - [EU AI Act Readiness in Poland: Governance, Risk Management and Contract Clauses for AI Systems](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/eu-ai-act-readiness-in-poland-governance-risk-management-and-contract-clauses-for-ai-systems/): The EU AI Act will fundamentally reshape how companies design, procure and deploy AI systems across the European Union. For... - [Trade Secrets Protection in Poland: Contractual and Organisational Safeguards for Employers](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/trade-secrets-protection-in-poland-contractual-and-organisational-safeguards-for-employers/): Protecting trade secrets in Poland has become a strategic priority for both domestic and foreign investors. In an economy driven... - [Corporate Criminal Liability in Poland: Prevention and Defense Strategies for International Businesses](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/corporate-criminal-liability-in-poland-prevention-and-defense-strategies-for-international-businesses/): In Poland’s evolving legal landscape, the concept of corporate criminal liability has undergone significant transformation in recent years. As international... - [Polish FDI Screening: Navigating the Act on Control of Certain Investments for Non-EU Buyers](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/polish-fdi-screening-navigating-the-act-on-control-of-certain-investments-for-non-eu-buyers/): In recent years, Poland has joined the growing global trend of implementing robust foreign direct investment (FDI) screening mechanisms. As... - [MiCA Readiness in Poland: Navigating Crypto-Asset Licensing and Regulation Under KNF Oversight](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/mica-readiness-in-poland-navigating-crypto-asset-licensing-and-regulation-under-knf-oversight/): The cryptocurrency landscape in Europe is undergoing a significant transformation with the introduction of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA).... - [Navigating Permanent Establishment Risks and Withholding Tax Obligations for Foreign Businesses in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/navigating-permanent-establishment-risks-and-withholding-tax-obligations-for-foreign-businesses-in-poland/): In today’s globalized economy, more foreign companies are expanding their operations into Poland without fully understanding the potential tax implications.... - [UOKiK Dawn Raids: Legal Privilege, Forensic Imaging and Defensible Response Protocols](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/uokik-dawn-raids-legal-privilege-forensic-imaging-and-defensible-response-protocols/): In recent years, the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) has significantly intensified its enforcement activities, with dawn... - [CSRD Implementation in Poland: Double Materiality Assessment and Compliance Challenges for Non-EU Parent Companies](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/csrd-implementation-in-poland-double-materiality-assessment-and-compliance-challenges-for-non-eu-parent-companies/): The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) represents one of the most significant shifts in corporate reporting requirements within the European... - [Public Procurement Remedies before the National Appeals Chamber (KIO): Strategy and Evidence](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/public-procurement-remedies-before-the-national-appeals-chamber-kio-strategy-and-evidence/): In the complex landscape of Polish public procurement, the National Appeals Chamber (Krajowa Izba Odwoławcza, KIO) plays a pivotal role... - [Advanced Transfer Pricing in Poland: Local File, Master File and TPR-C Analytics for 2025](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/advanced-transfer-pricing-in-poland-local-file-master-file-and-tpr-c-analytics-for-2025/): As we approach 2025, the transfer pricing landscape in Poland continues to evolve with increasing complexity and regulatory scrutiny. For... - [GDPR Compliance in Poland: Navigating Employee Monitoring, Biometric Data, and BYOD Policies](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/gdpr-compliance-in-poland-navigating-employee-monitoring-biometric-data-and-byod-policies/): In today’s digital workplace environment, employers in Poland face a complex regulatory landscape when implementing employee monitoring systems, biometric controls,... - [Omnibus Directive in Poland: New Price Reduction Rules and Consumer Protection Standards](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/omnibus-directive-in-poland-new-price-reduction-rules-and-consumer-protection-standards/): The implementation of the Omnibus Directive in Poland has marked a significant shift in consumer protection regulations, particularly concerning price... - [Securing Claims in Poland: Ex Parte Interim Measures and Asset Freezes](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/securing-claims-in-poland-ex-parte-interim-measures-and-asset-freezes/): In today’s global business environment, protecting your interests during legal disputes in Poland requires swift and decisive action. When facing... - [Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Arbitral Awards in Poland: Navigating the Brussels Ia, Lugano Convention, and New York Convention Frameworks](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/enforcement-of-foreign-judgments-and-arbitral-awards-in-poland-navigating-the-brussels-ia-lugano-convention-and-new-york-convention-frameworks/): In an increasingly globalized business landscape, obtaining a favorable judgment or arbitral award is often just half the battle. The... - [Asset Deal vs Share Deal in Poland: Key Tax and Legal Considerations for Foreign Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/asset-deal-vs-share-deal-in-poland-key-tax-and-legal-considerations-for-foreign-investors/): When planning a business acquisition in Poland, foreign investors face a crucial decision that can significantly impact the transaction’s outcome:... - [Agricultural and Forest Land Restrictions in Poland: Foreign Buyer Due Diligence Playbook](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/agricultural-and-forest-land-restrictions-in-poland-foreign-buyer-due-diligence-playbook/): Navigating the complex landscape of agricultural and forest land acquisition in Poland presents a significant challenge for foreign investors. As... - [VAT for Cross-Border E-Commerce into Poland: Navigating OSS/IOSS, Platform Deeming and Returns](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/vat-for-cross-border-e-commerce-into-poland-navigating-oss-ioss-platform-deeming-and-returns/): The landscape of e-commerce taxation in Poland has undergone significant transformation following the implementation of the EU VAT e-commerce package... - [Whistleblower Protection in Poland: Designing Effective Reporting Channels While Minimizing Retaliation Risks](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/whistleblower-protection-in-poland-designing-effective-reporting-channels-while-minimizing-retaliation-risks/): The landscape of corporate governance and legal compliance in Poland has undergone significant transformation with the introduction of whistleblower protection... - [R&D Relief and IP Box in Poland: Comprehensive Guide to Tax Optimization for Innovative Businesses](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/rd-relief-and-ip-box-in-poland-comprehensive-guide-to-tax-optimization-for-innovative-businesses/): In today’s rapidly evolving global economy, Poland has emerged as an attractive destination for innovative businesses seeking efficient tax structures.... - [Managing Construction Claims in Poland: FIDIC Contracts, Price Indexation and Force Majeure](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/managing-construction-claims-in-poland-fidic-contracts-price-indexation-and-force-majeure/): In the current volatile global market, construction projects in Poland face unprecedented challenges. From soaring material costs to supply chain... - [Bankruptcy & Restructuring Toolkit in Poland: Navigating Arrangement Approval, Pre-Pack and Director Liability](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/bankruptcy-restructuring-toolkit-in-poland-navigating-arrangement-approval-pre-pack-and-director-liability/): In today’s complex economic landscape, businesses operating in Poland increasingly face financial challenges that require strategic restructuring solutions. The Polish... - [Banking Account Freezes in Poland: Expert Legal Strategies for International Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/banking-account-freezes-in-poland-expert-legal-strategies-for-international-investors/): In Poland’s complex regulatory environment, foreign investors and businesses increasingly face a challenging obstacle: bank account blockades. This severe measure,... - [Real-Estate SPVs in Poland: Navigating WHT on Dividends, Interest Limitation and GAAR Challenges](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/real-estate-spvs-in-poland-navigating-wht-on-dividends-interest-limitation-and-gaar-challenges/): In the dynamic landscape of Polish real estate investments, Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) have become the structure of choice for... - [Green Energy Law in Poland: Navigating Renewable Energy Regulations and Incentives](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/green-energy-law-in-poland-navigating-renewable-energy-regulations-and-incentives/): Poland’s renewable energy landscape is undergoing a remarkable transformation. As the country steadily distances itself from its coal-dependent past, a... - [Environmental Impact Assessment in Poland: Navigating Legal Requirements for Foreign Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/environmental-impact-assessment-in-poland-navigating-legal-requirements-for-foreign-investors/): Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a critical component of project development in Poland, serving as both a regulatory requirement and... - [Navigating Poland's Waste Management Regulatory Framework: A Corporate Compliance Guide for International Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/navigating-polands-waste-management-regulatory-framework-a-corporate-compliance-guide-for-international-investors/): In recent years, Poland has significantly transformed its waste management landscape through comprehensive regulatory reforms aligned with European Union directives.... - [Carbon Trading in Poland: Navigating the Complex Landscape of Emissions Law and EU Compliance](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/carbon-trading-in-poland-navigating-the-complex-landscape-of-emissions-law-and-eu-compliance/): As Poland continues its economic transformation within the European Union framework, the country faces unique challenges in balancing industrial growth... - [Environmental Liability for Polish Corporations: Navigating the Modern Legal Framework](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/environmental-liability-for-polish-corporations-navigating-the-modern-legal-framework/): In today’s globalized economy, environmental responsibility has transcended beyond ethical considerations to become a critical legal obligation for corporations operating... - [International Arbitration in Poland: Navigating Procedures and Enforcement Challenges](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/international-arbitration-in-poland-navigating-procedures-and-enforcement-challenges/): In today’s interconnected global economy, cross-border disputes have become increasingly common, making international arbitration an essential mechanism for resolving commercial... - [Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Polish Legal Perspective for International Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/cross-border-mergers-and-acquisitions-polish-legal-perspective-for-international-investors/): In today’s interconnected global economy, cross-border mergers and acquisitions have become a strategic imperative for companies seeking expansion, market penetration,... - [Navigating EU Trade Sanctions: A Comprehensive Guide for Polish Companies](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/navigating-eu-trade-sanctions-a-comprehensive-guide-for-polish-companies/): In today’s increasingly complex geopolitical landscape, Polish companies engaged in international trade face a growing web of regulatory challenges. Trade... - [International Tax Treaties: Poland's Network and Implications for Foreign Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/international-tax-treaties-polands-network-and-implications-for-foreign-investors/): In today’s globalized economy, navigating the complex web of international taxation presents significant challenges for businesses operating across borders. Poland,... - [EU State Aid Rules: Impact on Polish Businesses in the European Single Market](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/eu-state-aid-rules-impact-on-polish-businesses-in-the-european-single-market/): In the complex landscape of European business regulations, EU state aid rules represent one of the most significant frameworks affecting... - [International Child Custody Disputes in Poland: Navigating Complex Legal Procedures](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/international-child-custody-disputes-in-poland-navigating-complex-legal-procedures/): When international families face separation, the question of child custody becomes particularly complex, especially when parents reside in different countries.... - [Inheritance Law for Foreign Nationals in Poland: Navigating Succession Rights and Estate Planning](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/inheritance-law-for-foreign-nationals-in-poland-navigating-succession-rights-and-estate-planning/): When a foreign national owns assets in Poland or a Polish citizen leaves property to international heirs, understanding the complexities... - [Intellectual Property Protection in Poland: A Guide for Foreign Investors](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/intellectual-property-protection-in-poland-a-guide-for-foreign-investors/): Poland offers a comprehensive legal framework for the protection of intellectual property (IP), aligned with both European Union standards and... - [Starting a limited liability company (Sp. z o.o.) in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/starting-a-limited-liability-company-sp-z-o-o-in-poland/): Thinking of starting a limited liability company (Sp. z o. o. ) in Poland? Here’s what you need to know... - [When is a supervisory board required in a Polish company and what are its responsibilities?](https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/when-is-a-supervisory-board-required-in-a-polish-company-and-what-are-its-responsibilities/): In Poland, not every company is required to have a supervisory board. However, in certain cases, establishing this body is... --- ## Usługi --- ## Zespół - [Karolina Kulikowska-Siewruk](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/karolina-kulikowska-siewruk/) - [Karolina Sokołowska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/karolina-sokolowska-3/): Abogada del Departamento de Derecho Empresarial. Se centra principalmente en litigios civiles y derecho comercial, especialmente en servicios corporativos. También... - [Monika Orczykowska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/monika-orczykowska-2/): Jefa del Departamento de Derecho Penal y Cumplimiento Normativo. Se especializa en derecho penal, especialmente en casos relacionados con delitos... - [Ewelina Rogala](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/ewelina-rogala-3/): Se especializa en casos de derecho civil de amplia interpretación y litigios bajo la jurisdicción de los tribunales de common... - [Paweł Gołębiewski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/pawel-golebiewski-3/): Adquirió casi veinte años de experiencia como funcionario en agencias de aplicación de la ley, por ejemplo en la Sede... - [Maciej Zaborowski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/2562/): Se especializa en casos penales, derecho de prensa y derechos personales. Lleva litigios para destacados políticos y periodistas. Asesora a... - [Maciej Trąbski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/maciej-trabski-2/): Se especializa en la gestión de litigios mercantiles, el asesoramiento estratégico, la consultoría regulatoria y la dirección de proyectos jurídicos... - [Joanna Chmielińska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/joanna-chmielinska-3/): Cuenta con 10 años de experiencia en la prestación de servicios jurídicos a entidades económicas. Asesora a directivos y altos... - [Marta Kopeć](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/marta-kopec-3/): Se especializa en derecho laboral y derecho mercantil. Es una experta destacada en derecho laboral, especialmente en las áreas en... - [Karolina Sokołowska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/karolina-sokolowska-2/): Юрист департамента права для бизнеса. Основное направление её деятельности — гражданское судопроизводство и коммерческое право, в особенности корпоративное обслуживание. Также... - [Paweł Gołębiewski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/pawel-golebiewski-2/): Имеет почти двадцатилетний опыт службы в правоохранительных органах, в том числе в Главном управлении полиции, Центральном следственном бюро полиции, а... - [Marta Kopeć](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/marta-kopec-2/): Специализируется в области трудового и коммерческого права. Является признанным экспертом по трудовому праву, в особенности в вопросах, находящихся на стыке... - [Ewelina Rogala](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/ewelina-rogala-2/): Специализируется на делах в сфере широко понимаемого гражданского права и судебных разбирательствах, подведомственных судам общей юрисдикции, в частности по делам,... - [Joanna Chmielińska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/joanna-chmielinska-2/): Имеет 10-летний опыт оказания юридических услуг хозяйствующим субъектам. Консультирует менеджеров и высшее руководство крупнейших коммерческих компаний в Польше. Специализируется на... - [Maciej Trąbski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/2193/): Специализируется на ведении коммерческих судебных споров, стратегическом консультировании, регуляторном консалтинге, а также управлении сложными, многowątkowymi проектами prawными. Эксперт в области... - [Paweł Gołębiewski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/pawel-golebiewski/): He gained his nearly twenty years of experience as an officer in law enforcement agencies, e. g. at the National... - [Karolina Sokołowska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/karolina-sokolowska/): Lawyer in the Business Law Department. She focuses mainly on civil litigation and commercial law, especially corporate services. She is... - [Ewelina Rogala](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/ewelina-rogala/): She specializes in widely construed civil law cases and litigations under the jurisdiction of the common law courts, especially dealing... - [Maciej Trąbski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/maciej-trabski/): Specializes in handling commercial litigation, strategic advisory, regulatory consultancy, and managing complex, multifaceted legal projects. An expert in consumer law,... - [Marta Kopeć](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/marta-kopec/): She specializes in labour law and commercial law. She is an outstanding expert in labour law, particularly in areas where... - [Joanna Chmielińska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/joanna-chmielinska/): She has experience of 10 years in providing legal services for economic entities. She advises managers and the upper rank... - [Monika Orczykowska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/monika-orczykowska-ru/): Адвокат в отделе уголовного права и комплаенса. Специализируется на уголовном праве, особенно по делам о экономических преступлениях. Представляет интересы физических... - [Maciej Zaborowski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/maciej-zaborowski-ru/): Он специализируется на уголовных делах, праве прессы и личных правах. Ведет судебные дела для ведущих политиков и журналистов. Консультирует президентов... - [Monika Orczykowska](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/monika-orczykowska/): Head of Criminal Law and Compliance Department. Specializes in criminal law, especially cases on economic crimes. Represents individual and corporate... - [Maciej Zaborowski](https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/maciej-zaborowski/): He specializes in criminal cases, press law and personal rights. He conducts litigation for leading politicians and journalists. He advises... --- ## Specjalizacje - [Inheritance in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/inheritance-in-poland/): Inheritance in Poland often requires fast, precise and well-structured legal action. Whether the matter concerns statutory succession, a will, inheritance... - [Asesoramiento y litigios en protección del consumidor en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/asesoramiento-y-litigios-en-proteccion-del-consumidor-en-polonia/): Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm representa a empresarios en procedimientos ante el Presidente de la UOKiK (Oficina de Competencia y... - [Protección contra la piratería en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/proteccion-contra-la-pirateria-en-polonia/): En la era digital actual, la propiedad intelectual es uno de los activos más valiosos que puede tener una empresa... - [Selección y empleo de directivos y empleados en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/seleccion-y-empleo-de-directivos-y-empleados-en-polonia/): En el actual entorno empresarial competitivo, atraer y retener talento de alto nivel es clave para el éxito de cualquier... - [Litigios empresariales en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/litigios-empresariales-en-polonia/): La resolución de disputas empresariales es una de nuestras especialidades principales. Entendemos que los conflictos comerciales se alejan por completo... - [Inversión inmobiliaria en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/inversion-inmobiliaria-en-polonia/): Polonia, con su rica historia, su cultura vibrante y su economía dinámica, se ha convertido en un destino cada vez... - [Estructuración de holdings en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/estructuracion-de-holdings-en-polonia/): En Kopeć Zaborowski Law Firm estamos especializados en la prestación de servicios legales integrales para la creación de estructuras holding... - [Divorce in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/divorce-in-poland-strategic-legal-support-in-divorce-cases/): Looking for a divorce lawyer in Poland requires more than finding general legal assistance. A properly handled divorce in Poland... - [Child custody lawyer in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/child-custody-lawyer-in-poland/): Matters commonly described as child custody in Poland are governed by rules concerning parental authority, the child’s place of residence,... - [Parental authority in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/parental-authority-in-poland/): Parental authority in Poland is one of the key institutions of Polish family law. It is governed primarily by the... - [Division of marital property in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/division-of-marital-property-in-poland/): Division of marital property in Poland requires a precise legal assessment of the spouses’ property regime, the dates on which... - [Inherited Real Estate in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/inherited-real-estate-in-poland/): Inherited real estate in Poland often requires much more than a simple confirmation of succession. Although, under Polish law, the... - [Recuperación de reclamaciones en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/recuperacion-de-reclamaciones-en-polonia/): La recuperación de reclamaciones se refiere a los procedimientos legales orientados a recuperar deudas o pérdidas derivadas de impagos, disputas... - [Transacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/transacciones-de-fusiones-y-adquisiciones-ma-en-polonia/): En el dinámico mundo empresarial, las fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) son estrategias clave para el crecimiento y la expansión. Participar... - [Protección de la reputación en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/proteccion-de-la-reputacion-en-polonia/): En el mundo interconectado de los medios y las redes sociales, la reputación se ha convertido en uno de los... - [Constitución de sociedades en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/constitucion-de-sociedades-en-polonia/): Polonia ofrece un mercado dinámico y en crecimiento para emprendedores y empresas que desean ampliar sus operaciones en Europa. Constituir... - [Construcción de la cultura corporativa de la organización en Polonia Sobre nosotros](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/construccion-de-la-cultura-corporativa-de-la-organizacion-en-polonia-sobre-nosotros/): En el entorno empresarial actual, marcado por un ritmo acelerado, una cultura corporativa sólida no es solo un valor añadido:... - [Regulatorio y Fiscal en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/regulatorio-y-fiscal-en-polonia/): Como despacho líder en Polonia, nos dedicamos a ofrecer soluciones jurídicas integrales adaptadas a las necesidades específicas de empresas y... - [Salida de negocio de Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/salida-de-negocio-de-polonia/): En Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm entendemos que salir de un negocio puede ser tan complejo como iniciarlo. Nuestro equipo... - [Contratos en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/contratos-en-polonia/): El derecho contractual regula la creación, interpretación y ejecución de acuerdos entre partes. Tanto si necesita redactar un nuevo contrato,... - [Despidos de empleados en Polonia](https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/despidos-de-empleados-en-polonia/): En el dinámico entorno empresarial actual, las organizaciones a menudo se enfrentan a decisiones difíciles, incluida la necesidad de reducir... - [Коммерческие судебные споры в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bc%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%81%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): Разрешение коммерческих споров является одной из ключевых специализаций нашей фирмы. Мы понимаем, насколько далеко бизнес-конфликты отходят от привычной деятельности компаний... - [Взыскание задолженности в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b2%d0%b7%d1%8b%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): Взыскание задолженности — это комплекс юридических действий, направленных на возврат долгов или убытков, возникших в результате неоплаты, нарушения договорных обязательств... - [Увольнения сотрудников в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%83%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d1%81%d0%be%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b2-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): В условиях динамично развивающейся бизнес-среды организациям всё чаще приходится принимать сложные решения, включая необходимость сокращения численности персонала. Понимание всех аспектов,... - [Создание холдинговых структур в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b7%d0%b4%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%85%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85-%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c/): В юридической фирме Kopeć Zaborowski мы специализируемся на комплексном правовом сопровождении процессов создания холдинговых структур в Польше. Наша опытная команда... - [Инвестиции в недвижимость в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b6%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8c-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): Польша, обладая богатой историей, яркой культурой и динамично развивающейся экономикой, становится всё более привлекательным направлением для иностранных инвесторов. Как ведущая... - [Подбор и трудоустройство менеджеров и сотрудников в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80-%d0%b8-%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%be%d1%83%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b9%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%be-%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b6%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2/): В условиях современной конкуренции на рынке труда привлечение и удержание лучших специалистов является ключевым фактором успеха каждой организации. Процесс рекрутинга... - [Защита от пиратства в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%89%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b0-%d0%be%d1%82-%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b0-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): В современную цифровую эпоху интеллектуальная собственность является одним из самых ценных активов компании или создателя. Однако вместе с ростом объёма... - [Консультирование и судебные споры в сфере защиты прав потребителей в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d1%83%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b8-%d1%81%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b-%d0%b2-%d1%81/): Юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski представляет предпринимателей в разбирательствах перед Президентом Управления по защите конкуренции и потребителей (UOKiK), в частности... - [Контракты в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): Договорное право регулирует создание, интерпретацию и исполнение соглашений между сторонами. Независимо от того, готовите ли вы новый договор, анализируете существующее... - [Выход бизнеса из Польши](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85%d0%be%d0%b4-%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%bd%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%b0-%d0%b8%d0%b7-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b8/): Юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski понимает, что закрытие бизнеса может быть столь же сложным, как и его открытие. Наша опытная... - [Сделки по слияниям и поглощениям (M&A) в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%81%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%bf%d0%be-%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%8f%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%d0%bc-%d0%b8-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%bb%d0%be%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%d0%bc-ma-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be/): В динамичном мире бизнеса сделки по слияниям и поглощениям (M&A) являются ключевыми стратегиями роста и расширения. Участие в сделках M&A... - [Регулирование и налогообложение в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b8-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%be%d0%b1%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be/): Как одна из ведущих юридических фирм в Польше, мы предлагаем комплексные правовые решения, адаптированные к уникальным потребностям иностранных компаний и... - [Формирование корпоративной культуры организации в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%ba%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b9-%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d1%8b/): В современном динамичном бизнес-среде сильная корпоративная культура — это не просто дополнительное преимущество. Это ключевой элемент успеха организации. Чётко определённая... - [Регистрация компании в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): Польша представляет собой динамично развивающийся рынок для предпринимателей и компаний, стремящихся расширить свою деятельность в Европе. Регистрация компании в Польше... - [Защита репутации в Польше](https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%89%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b0-%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bf%d1%83%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/): В современном взаимосвязанном мире медиа и социальных сетей репутация стала одним из ключевых активов как для частных лиц, так и... - [Protection against piracy in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/protection-against-piracy-in-poland/): In today’s digital era, intellectual property is one of the most valuable assets a company or creator can possess. However,... - [Protection of reputation in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/protection-of-reputation-in-poland/): In the interconnected world of media and social networks, reputation has become one of the most critical assets for both... - [Company incorporation in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/company-incorporation/): Poland presents a vibrant and growing market for entrepreneurs and businesses looking to expand their operations in Europe. Incorporating a... - [Regulatory & Tax in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/regulatory-tax/): As a leading law firm in Poland, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive legal solutions tailored to meet the unique... - [Consumer protection advisory & litigation in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/consumer-protection-advisory-litigation/): Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm represents entrepreneurs in proceedings before the President of the UOKiK (Office of Competition and Consumer... - [Claim recovery in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/claim-recovery-in-poland/): Claim recovery refers to the legal processes undertaken to recover debts or losses incurred due to non-payment, contractual disputes, or... - [Business Litigation in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/business-litigation-in-poland/): Business dispute resolution is one of our core specialisms. We understand how far business disputes remain from business as usual... - [Contracts in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/contracts/): Contract law governs the creation, interpretation, and enforcement of agreements between parties. Whether you are drafting a new contract, reviewing... - [Employee layoffs in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/employee-layoffs/): In today’s dynamic business environment, organizations often face challenging decisions, including the need for workforce reductions. Understanding the complexities surrounding... - [Exit of business from Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/exit-of-business-from-poland/): At Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm, we understand that exiting a business can be as complex as starting one. Our... - [Building holding structures in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/building-holding-structures/): At Kopeć Zaborowski Law Firm, we specialize in providing comprehensive legal services for building holding structures in Poland. Our experienced... - [M&A transactions in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/ma-transactions/): In the fast-paced realm of business, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are pivotal strategies for growth and expansion. Engaging in M&A... - [Investment in real estate in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/investment-in-real-estate/): Poland, with its rich history, vibrant culture, and dynamic economy, has become an increasingly attractive destination for foreign investors. As... - [Building corporate culture of the organization in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/building-corporate-culture-of-the-organization/): In today’s fast-paced business environment, a strong corporate culture is not just a nice-to-have. It is an essential component of... - [Recruitment and employment of managers and employees in Poland](https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/recruitment-and-employment-of-managers-and-employees/): In today’s competitive business landscape, attracting and retaining top talent is crucial for organizational success. The process of recruitment is... --- # # Detailed Content ## Strony - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-02-02 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/asesoramiento-de-expertos/ - Tags: Español - : pll_696108726c757 Asesoramiento de expertos | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Asesoramiento de expertos ¿Tienes problemas graves? No te preocupes, te ayudamos. Consulta nuestras pautas Menú Qué podemos hacer por usted Equipo Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Glosario Pautas Contacto Qué hacemos Protección de la reputación en PoloniaProtección contra la piratería en PoloniaConstitución de sociedades en PoloniaSelección y empleo de directivos y empleados en PoloniaConstrucción de la cultura corporativa de la organización en Polonia Sobre nosotrosMostrar más +Litigios empresariales en PoloniaRegulatorio y Fiscal en PoloniaInversión inmobiliaria en PoloniaTransacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) en PoloniaEstructuración de holdings en PoloniaSalida de negocio de PoloniaDespidos de empleados en PoloniaContratos en PoloniaRecuperación de reclamaciones en PoloniaAsesoramiento y litigios en protección del consumidor en Polonia Nuestros otros servicios: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Creado por Tomczak | Stanisławski RGPD y Condiciones de Servicio © Derechos de autor a Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-02-02 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/glosario/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6961085b2962b Glosario | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Glosario No alphabet terms found. Menú Qué podemos hacer por usted Equipo Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Glosario Pautas Contacto Qué hacemos Protección de la reputación en PoloniaProtección contra la piratería en PoloniaConstitución de sociedades en PoloniaSelección y empleo de directivos y empleados en PoloniaConstrucción de la cultura corporativa de la organización en Polonia Sobre nosotrosMostrar más +Litigios empresariales en PoloniaRegulatorio y Fiscal en PoloniaInversión inmobiliaria en PoloniaTransacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) en PoloniaEstructuración de holdings en PoloniaSalida de negocio de PoloniaDespidos de empleados en PoloniaContratos en PoloniaRecuperación de reclamaciones en PoloniaAsesoramiento y litigios en protección del consumidor en Polonia Nuestros otros servicios: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Creado por Tomczak | Stanisławski RGPD y Condiciones de Servicio © Derechos de autor a Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-02-02 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/descubra-abogados-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_696ffdd811321 Descubra abogados en Polonia | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Descubra abogados en Polonia Menú Qué podemos hacer por usted Equipo Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Glosario Pautas Contacto Qué hacemos Protección de la reputación en PoloniaProtección contra la piratería en PoloniaConstitución de sociedades en PoloniaSelección y empleo de directivos y empleados en PoloniaConstrucción de la cultura corporativa de la organización en Polonia Sobre nosotrosMostrar más +Litigios empresariales en PoloniaRegulatorio y Fiscal en PoloniaInversión inmobiliaria en PoloniaTransacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) en PoloniaEstructuración de holdings en PoloniaSalida de negocio de PoloniaDespidos de empleados en PoloniaContratos en PoloniaRecuperación de reclamaciones en PoloniaAsesoramiento y litigios en protección del consumidor en Polonia Nuestros otros servicios: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Creado por Tomczak | Stanisławski RGPD y Condiciones de Servicio © Derechos de autor a Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/premios/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33b8130274 Premios | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Premios KKZ fue incluida en la lista “Poland’s Best Law Firms” de la revista Forbes en 2022 y 2023, recibiendo reconocimientos destacados en 7 áreas del derecho, entre ellas derecho societario, derecho laboral y resolución de disputas. En 2019, el despacho fue incluido por primera vez en el prestigioso ranking internacional The LEGAL 500, entre los quinientos mejores despachos del mundo y entre las firmas líderes de Polonia en la categoría Commercial, Corporate and M&A. En 2025 recibió un nuevo reconocimiento en derecho laboral y en la categoría de white-collar crime. Además, en 2024 obtuvo la distinción “Client Satisfaction” como uno de los primeros despachos en Polonia. Esta distinción acredita un alto nivel de satisfacción de los clientes que utilizan los servicios del despacho. En 2024, por segundo año consecutivo, el abogado Maciej Zaborowski fue incluido en uno de los rankings internacionales más prestigiosos del sector, “Who is Who Legal”, como líder en la categoría Business Crime Defence: Individuals. Kopeć Zaborowski Law Firm fue distinguida en BENCHMARK LITIGATION EUROPE. Este ranking presenta a los mejores despachos en materia de litigación. El responsable del área de Derecho Financiero y Nuevas Tecnologías fue premiado en los prestigiosos Chambers Europe Awards 2021 en la categoría FinTech. Los Chambers Europe Awards reconocen a despachos y abogados en diversas categorías, valorando, entre otros factores, proyectos innovadores y en desarrollo llevados por... --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-04-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/contacto/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33b79a1099 Contacto | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Contacto Elige la forma de contactarnos Visítanos Kopeć & Zaborowski Bufete de Abogados Hoża 59A Apartamento 1B 00-681 Varsovia T: +48 690 300 257 WhatsApp M: mostrar dirección de correo electrónico Horario de aperturaLun-Vie: 8:30 - 18:30 (CET) Rellene el formulario Complete los espacios en blanco y un abogado le responderá en el plazo de un día hábil. Su nombre* Tu tema—Por favor elija una opción—Constitución de empresasConstruyendo la cultura corporativa de la organizaciónTransacciones de fusiones y adquisicionesSalida de la empresa de PoloniaContratosRecuperación de siniestros en PoloniaRegulatorio e ImpuestosReclutamiento y empleo de directivos y empleadosInversión en bienes raícesConstrucción de estructuras de contenciónDespidos de empleadosLitigios comerciales en PoloniaAsesoramiento y litigios en materia de protección al consumidorOtros Número de teléfono Tu correo electrónico* Escribe tu pregunta* Encuéntranos en el mapa Menú Qué podemos hacer por usted Equipo Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Glosario Pautas Contacto Qué hacemos Protección de la reputación en PoloniaProtección contra la piratería en PoloniaConstitución de sociedades en PoloniaSelección y empleo de directivos y empleados en PoloniaConstrucción de la cultura corporativa de la organización en Polonia Sobre nosotrosMostrar más +Litigios empresariales en PoloniaRegulatorio y Fiscal en PoloniaInversión inmobiliaria en PoloniaTransacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) en PoloniaEstructuración de holdings en PoloniaSalida de negocio de PoloniaDespidos de empleados en PoloniaContratos en PoloniaRecuperación de reclamaciones en PoloniaAsesoramiento y litigios en protección del consumidor en Polonia Nuestros otros... --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/pautas/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33b73360bc Pautas | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Pautas ¿Qué necesito saber? Contenido Introducción al sistema de resolución de disputas en Polonia Introducción al empleo en Polonia Introducción a la inversión en Polonia Introducción a la protección de la propiedad intelectual en Polonia Introducción al sistema de resolución de disputas en Polonia El sistema jurídico polaco sigue la tradición continental (civil law), basada en códigos escritos y procedimientos legales estructurados. La Constitución de la República de Polonia, vigente desde 1997, es la norma suprema y establece la separación de poderes entre los ámbitos legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial. La resolución de disputas en Polonia comprende tanto procedimientos judiciales como métodos alternativos, como el arbitraje y la mediación. Esta guía está diseñada para ayudar a inversores extranjeros a orientarse en el marco legal polaco y comprender los mecanismos clave disponibles para resolver controversias mercantiles. Descargar archivo Introducción al empleo en Polonia El mercado laboral polaco funciona bajo un marco jurídico integral diseñado para equilibrar los derechos de los empleados con las responsabilidades de los empleadores. La base de la regulación laboral es el Código Laboral polaco, que establece estándares clave sobre contratos de trabajo, condiciones laborales y protección de los trabajadores. Además de las relaciones laborales tradicionales, también se utilizan con frecuencia modalidades alternativas —como los contratos de derecho civil—, reguladas por disposiciones específicas. Esta guía ofrece a inversores y empleadores extranjeros una visión general del... --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-02-02 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/experiencia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33b6cc42d1 Experiencia | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Experiencia Perfeccionamiento de un plan de fusión pionero en el sector energético Leer más Perfeccionamiento de un plan de fusión pionero en el sector energético Gestión de una inversión residencial compleja bajo limitaciones financieras Leer más Gestión de una inversión residencial compleja bajo limitaciones financieras Disolución innovadora de una sociedad por acciones simplificada sin liquidación Leer más Disolución innovadora de una sociedad por acciones simplificada sin liquidación Fortalecimiento del gobierno corporativo a la luz de las nuevas reformas legales Leer más Fortalecimiento del gobierno corporativo a la luz de las nuevas reformas legales Transferencia operativa fluida en el sector de las telecomunicaciones Leer más Transferencia operativa fluida en el sector de las telecomunicaciones Inversión transfronteriza para una tecnología revolucionaria del agua Leer más Inversión transfronteriza para una tecnología revolucionaria del agua Defensa de los intereses de la empresa y del consejo de administración en una disputa de franquicia de alto riesgo Leer más Defensa de los intereses de la empresa y del consejo de administración en una disputa de franquicia de alto riesgo Estructuración estratégica de la salida en un grupo corporativo complejo Leer más Estructuración estratégica de la salida en un grupo corporativo complejo Pioneros en la liquidación de una sociedad por acciones simple Leer más Pioneros en la liquidación de una sociedad por acciones simple ¿Tienes problemas graves? No te preocupes, te ayudamos. Consulta... --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-02-02 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/equipo/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33b670261d Equipo | Abogados en Polonia en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Líderes Joanna Chmielińska Socia, abogada, directora del Departamento de Derecho Mercantil Maciej Trąbski Socio, abogado, director del Departamento de Litigios Mercantiles y Regulatorios Equipo internacional Paweł Gołębiewski Abogado, Director del Área de Derecho Penal Internacional Marta Kopeć Abogada, Socia Directora Ewelina Rogala Abogado, Director del Área de Litigios Comerciales Maciej Zaborowski Abogado, Socio Director Monika Orczykowska Abogada, Directora del Departamento de Derecho Penal y Cumplimiento Normativo Karolina Sokołowska Abogado Nuestro equipo Menú Qué podemos hacer por usted Equipo Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Glosario Pautas Contacto Qué hacemos Protección de la reputación en PoloniaProtección contra la piratería en PoloniaConstitución de sociedades en PoloniaSelección y empleo de directivos y empleados en PoloniaConstrucción de la cultura corporativa de la organización en Polonia Sobre nosotrosMostrar más +Litigios empresariales en PoloniaRegulatorio y Fiscal en PoloniaInversión inmobiliaria en PoloniaTransacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) en PoloniaEstructuración de holdings en PoloniaSalida de negocio de PoloniaDespidos de empleados en PoloniaContratos en PoloniaRecuperación de reclamaciones en PoloniaAsesoramiento y litigios en protección del consumidor en Polonia Nuestros otros servicios: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Creado por Tomczak | Stanisławski RGPD y Condiciones de Servicio © Derechos de autor a Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/que-podemos-hacer-por-usted/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33b1db2ca6 Kopeć & Zaborowski (KKZ) es uno de los principales despachos de abogados de servicio completo en Polonia, establecido en 2015 y totalmente financiado con capital polaco. Ofrecemos apoyo legal personalizado a empresas que operan o ingresan al mercado polaco, combinando precisión jurídica con un profundo conocimiento empresarial. Nuestro equipo está compuesto por más de 60 expertos de primer nivel en sus áreas, lo que nos permite ofrecer soluciones prácticas y no estándar a desafíos legales y operativos complejos. Somos reconocidos como un actor sólido en el mercado medio, ubicándonos de manera constante entre los TOP 50 despachos de abogados polacos por ingresos y tamaño, y siendo recomendados regularmente por importantes rankings legales. Asesoramos a una amplia cartera de clientes, incluyendo corporaciones internacionales, empresas privadas y estatales, emprendedores, individuos de alto patrimonio (HNWI), así como periodistas y figuras públicas. Nuestros servicios cubren un amplio rango de áreas legales, con fortalezas particulares en: Derecho mercantil y empresarial Transacciones corporativas y fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) Derecho de medios y prensa Delitos económicos y defensa penal empresarial Cumplimiento normativo y asuntos regulatorios Derecho laboral y empleo Litigios complejos comerciales y personales También ofrecemos servicios de investigación y asesoría únicos, incluyendo: Auditorías forenses para detectar fraudes internos Mejora de procesos empresariales Estrategias de mitigación de riesgos y anti-litigio Nuestros clientes se benefician de un apoyo legal interdisciplinario: a menudo colaboramos con detectives, auditores y asesores fiscales para ofrecer un enfoque integral en la gestión de riesgos legales y resolución de disputas. Gracias a nuestra experiencia... --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33b038a2d2 Lawyers in Poland ⚖️ Global perspective on local issues 🏛️ en ru es Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Asesoramiento de expertos Equipo Pautas Contacto en ru es Abogados en Polonia Perspectiva global sobre cuestiones locales Página principal Líderes Qué podemos hacer por usted Experiencia Premios Qué podemos hacer por usted Página principal Líderes Experiencia Premios Contacto 01Qué hacemos Qué hacemos Kopeć & Zaborowski (KKZ) es uno de los principales despachos full-service de Polonia, fundado en 2015 y financiado íntegramente con capital polaco. Ofrecemos apoyo legal a medida para empresas que operan en Polonia o que están entrando en el mercado polaco, combinando precisión jurídica con un profundo entendimiento del negocio. Nuestro equipo está formado por más de 60 expertos de primer nivel en sus respectivas áreas, lo que nos permite aportar soluciones no estándar y prácticas a retos jurídicos y operativos complejos. Somos reconocidos como un actor sólido del segmento middle market, clasificados de forma constante en el TOP 50 de despachos polacos por facturación y tamaño, y recomendados regularmente por los principales rankings jurídicos. Asesoramos a una amplia cartera de clientes, incluyendo corporaciones internacionales, empresas privadas y estatales, emprendedores, HNWI (personas de alto patrimonio), así como periodistas y figuras públicas. Si busca asesoramiento jurídico de confianza para desenvolverse en el entorno legal y regulatorio polaco, KKZ es el socio que puede respaldar y proteger su negocio: contáctenos.   Protección de la reputación en PoloniaProtección contra la piratería en PoloniaConstitución de sociedades en PoloniaSelección y empleo de directivos... --- - Published: 2026-01-20 - Modified: 2026-01-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b9%d0%b4%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b5-%d1%8e%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b2-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_696ffdd811321 Найдите юристов в Польше | Уголовное право Польша en ru es Что мы делаем Опыт Награды Команда Руководящие принципы Контакт en ru es Найдите юристов в Польше Меню Что мы делаем Команда Опыт Награды Руководящие принципы Контакт Что мы делаем Защита репутации в ПольшеЗащита от пиратства в ПольшеРегистрация компании в ПольшеПодбор и трудоустройство менеджеров и сотрудников в ПольшеФормирование корпоративной культуры организации в ПольшеПоказать больше +Коммерческие судебные споры в ПольшеРегулирование и налогообложение в ПольшеИнвестиции в недвижимость в ПольшеСделки по слияниям и поглощениям (M&A) в ПольшеСоздание холдинговых структур в ПольшеВыход бизнеса из ПольшиУвольнения сотрудников в ПольшеКонтракты в ПольшеВзыскание задолженности в ПольшеКонсультирование и судебные споры в сфере защиты прав потребителей в Польше Наши другие услуги: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Создано Tomczak | Stanisławski RODO и условия обслуживания © Авторские права на Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-02-04 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%8f%d1%89%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%bf%d1%8b/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b73360bc Руководящие принципы | Уголовное право Польша en ru es Что мы делаем Опыт Награды Команда Руководящие принципы Контакт en ru es Руководящие принципы Что мне нужно знать? Содержание Европейский ордер на арест Уголовная защита Экстрадиция Письмо о праве на свободу (письмо о безопасности) Европейский ордер на арест Европейский ордер на арест (EAW) — это запрос, выданный судебным органом одного государства-члена Европейского Союза (ЕС) для ареста и передачи другому государству-члену ЕС лица, указанного в ордере. Он готовится в связи с подозрением, что данное лицо совершило преступление, или в связи с необходимостью исполнения наказания или применения меры защиты в отношении этого лица. Важно отметить, что на основании этого запроса, как правило, органы страны, в которую он направлен, обязаны арестовать лицо, охваченное ордером, и передать его стране, подавшей этот запрос. Скачать файл Уголовная защита Право на защиту — это основополагающий принцип уголовного процесса, существующий с тех пор, как существует само право. Лицо, обвиняемое в нарушении установленных на данном месте и в данный момент времени правил, всегда имело право высказывать свое мнение по предъявленным обвинениям. Право на защиту — это право подозреваемого или обвиняемого, вытекающее из права на справедливое судебное разбирательство, которое, однако, является более широким понятием, включающим право на защиту. Нет справедливого и надежного судебного разбирательства, если право на защиту не соблюдается должным образом и остается лишь иллюзорным правом. Скачать файл Экстрадиция Экстрадиция — это процедура, в рамках которой власти одной страны (страна-запрашивающая) обращаются к властям другой страны (страна-ответчик) с просьбой экстрадировать лицо, разыскиваемое для привлечения к уголовной ответственности — то есть для... --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%be%d0%bf%d1%8b%d1%82/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b6cc42d1 Опыт | Уголовное право Польша en ru es Что мы делаем Опыт Награды Команда Руководящие принципы Контакт en ru es Опыт Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute Читать далее Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute Совершенствование новаторского плана слияния в энергетическом секторе Читать далее Совершенствование новаторского плана слияния в энергетическом секторе Управление сложным жилищным инвестиционным проектом в условиях финансовых ограничений Читать далее Управление сложным жилищным инвестиционным проектом в условиях финансовых ограничений Инновационное прекращение деятельности простого акционерного общества без ликвидации Читать далее Инновационное прекращение деятельности простого акционерного общества без ликвидации Укрепление корпоративного управления в свете новых правовых реформ Читать далее Укрепление корпоративного управления в свете новых правовых реформ Бесшовная передача операционной деятельности в телекоммуникационном секторе Читать далее Бесшовная передача операционной деятельности в телекоммуникационном секторе Трансграничные инвестиции в революционную водную технологию Читать далее Трансграничные инвестиции в революционную водную технологию Стратегическое структурирование выхода в сложной корпоративной группе Читать далее Стратегическое структурирование выхода в сложной корпоративной группе Новаторская ликвидация простого акционерного общества Читать далее Новаторская ликвидация простого акционерного общества У вас серьезные проблемы? Не паникуйте, мы вам поможем. Ознакомьтесь с нашими рекомендациями Меню Что мы делаем Команда Опыт Награды Руководящие принципы Контакт Что мы делаем Защита репутации в ПольшеЗащита от пиратства в ПольшеРегистрация компании в ПольшеПодбор и трудоустройство менеджеров и сотрудников в ПольшеФормирование корпоративной культуры организации в ПольшеПоказать больше +Коммерческие судебные споры в ПольшеРегулирование и налогообложение в ПольшеИнвестиции в недвижимость в ПольшеСделки по слияниям и поглощениям (M&A) в ПольшеСоздание холдинговых структур в ПольшеВыход бизнеса из ПольшиУвольнения... --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b0/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b670261d Команда | Уголовное право Польша en ru es Что мы делаем Опыт Награды Команда Руководящие принципы Контакт en ru es Лидеры Joanna Chmielińska Партнер, Юрисконсульт, руководитель отдела коммерческого (бизнес) права Maciej Trąbski Партнер, Юрисконсульт, Руководитель отдела коммерческих споров и регуляторных производств Международная команда Paweł Gołębiewski Адвокат, руководитель практики международного уголовного права Maciej Zaborowski Адвокат, управляющий партнер Marta Kopeć Адвокат, управляющий партнер Ewelina Rogala Адвокат, руководитель практики по разрешению коммерческих споров Monika Orczykowska Адвокат, руководитель департамента уголовного права и комплаенса Karolina Sokołowska Адвокат Наша команда Меню Что мы делаем Команда Опыт Награды Руководящие принципы Контакт Что мы делаем Защита репутации в ПольшеЗащита от пиратства в ПольшеРегистрация компании в ПольшеПодбор и трудоустройство менеджеров и сотрудников в ПольшеФормирование корпоративной культуры организации в ПольшеПоказать больше +Коммерческие судебные споры в ПольшеРегулирование и налогообложение в ПольшеИнвестиции в недвижимость в ПольшеСделки по слияниям и поглощениям (M&A) в ПольшеСоздание холдинговых структур в ПольшеВыход бизнеса из ПольшиУвольнения сотрудников в ПольшеКонтракты в ПольшеВзыскание задолженности в ПольшеКонсультирование и судебные споры в сфере защиты прав потребителей в Польше Наши другие услуги: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Создано Tomczak | Stanisławski RODO и условия обслуживания © Авторские права на Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%8e%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%84%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%bc%d1%8b/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b60e92a9 Мы предоставляем поддержку юридическим фирмам, работающим в Польше и других странах, которые нуждаются в профессиональных консультациях в области уголовного права. Мы сотрудничаем с юридическими фирмами в сложных уголовных процессах, в которых участвуют несколько сторон, включая дела с международным аспектом. Мы также предоставляем консультационные услуги по подготовке юридических заключений, включая глубокий анализ конкретного юридического вопроса, выявление потенциальных угроз и предложений по практическим вариантам действий. Мы являемся лидером в области уголовного права в Польше и располагаем крупнейшей командой в Польше, специализирующейся исключительно в этой области и обладающей значительным опытом. Наши юристы и юридическая фирма получили множество престижных наград, как международных (например, рейтинг Forbes – «Лучшие юридические фирмы», Legal 500), так и местных (ежедневный рейтинг Rzeczpospolita). --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b5a49787 Мы предоставляем комплексные юридические услуги частным клиентам в области уголовного права на всех этапах процесса. Наша особенность — индивидуальный подход к каждому клиенту и его проблемам, поэтому мы адаптируем нашу деятельность под потребности клиентов и выбираем подходящую модель сотрудничества, при этом стремясь представить сложные юридические вопросы как можно проще. Мы оказываем юридическую поддержку частным лицам в кризисных ситуациях, т. е. подозреваемым или потерпевшим в уголовных процессах. Наша большая команда экспертов в области уголовного права имеет обширный опыт, и широкий спектр дел, с которыми мы работаем ежедневно, включает фискальные преступления, финансовые мошенничества, коррупцию, участие в организованной преступной группе, а также другие распространенные преступления, такие как кражи, грабежи и убийства, а также правонарушения. Для того чтобы обеспечить нашим клиентам доступ к комплексным услугам, мы поддерживаем сотрудничество с экспертами в различных областях, включая оценщиков, психиатров, следователей, специалистов по компьютерной криминалистике и других. Мы являемся лидерами в области уголовного права в Польше и имеем крупнейшую команду в Польше, специализирующуюся исключительно в этой области права, с большим опытом. Наши юристы и юридическая фирма завоевали множество престижных наград, как международных (например, рейтинг Forbes — «Лучшие юридические фирмы», Legal 500), так и местных (ежедневный рейтинг газеты «Rzeczpospolita»). --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%bd%d0%b5%d1%81/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b4b845e8 Благодаря нашим глубоким знаниям в области уголовного права и пониманию проблем, с которыми сталкиваются компании, мы предоставляем бизнесу комплексные и индивидуально адаптированные юридические услуги. Мы оказываем юридическую поддержку на нескольких уровнях, сочетая опыт в различных сферах права. Наша специализация - Представительство корпоративных клиентов в уголовных делах, включая: "беловоротничковую" преступность отмывание денег налоговые преступления причинение ущерба компании различные виды мошенничества, связанные с деятельностью компаний, организаций и учреждений - Проведение внутренних расследований и аудитов для выявления нарушений и защиты интересов бизнеса - Анализ регуляторных рисков и внедрение систем комплаенса, включая решения для информаторов (whistleblowing solutions) - Бизнес-консалтинг и подготовка юридических заключений по уголовному праву - Поддержка клиентов в кризисных ситуациях Наши преимущества Благодаря широкой сети контактов с экспертами из различных отраслей бизнеса, мы эффективно разрабатываем антикризисные стратегии, адаптированные под конкретные потребности клиентов. Мы являемся лидером в области уголовного права в Польше и обладаем крупнейшей в стране командой юристов, специализирующихся исключительно на уголовном праве и имеющих богатый практический опыт. Наши награды и признание Наши юристы и адвокатское бюро удостоены многочисленных престижных наград, включая: Международные рейтинги (Forbes Ranking – Best Law Firms, Legal 500) Польские рейтинги (ежегодный рейтинг газеты Rzeczpospolita) Свяжитесь с нами, чтобы получить профессиональную юридическую поддержку, адаптированную под потребности вашего бизнеса! --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b4%d0%bb%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bc/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33bbf85ed7 Для кого мы работаем | Уголовное право Польша en ru es Что мы делаем Опыт Награды Команда Руководящие принципы Контакт en ru es Для кого мы работаем О нас Исследование случая Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute Читать далее Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute Совершенствование новаторского плана слияния в энергетическом секторе Читать далее Совершенствование новаторского плана слияния в энергетическом секторе Управление сложным жилищным инвестиционным проектом в условиях финансовых ограничений Читать далее Управление сложным жилищным инвестиционным проектом в условиях финансовых ограничений Команда Опыт Награды Чем мы можем вам помочь? Свяжитесь с экспертами Joanna Chmielińska Партнер, Юрисконсульт, руководитель отдела коммерческого (бизнес) права Maciej Trąbski Партнер, Юрисконсульт, Руководитель отдела коммерческих споров и регуляторных производств Меню Что мы делаем Команда Опыт Награды Руководящие принципы Контакт Что мы делаем Защита репутации в ПольшеЗащита от пиратства в ПольшеРегистрация компании в ПольшеПодбор и трудоустройство менеджеров и сотрудников в ПольшеФормирование корпоративной культуры организации в ПольшеПоказать больше +Коммерческие судебные споры в ПольшеРегулирование и налогообложение в ПольшеИнвестиции в недвижимость в ПольшеСделки по слияниям и поглощениям (M&A) в ПольшеСоздание холдинговых структур в ПольшеВыход бизнеса из ПольшиУвольнения сотрудников в ПольшеКонтракты в ПольшеВзыскание задолженности в ПольшеКонсультирование и судебные споры в сфере защиты прав потребителей в Польше Наши другие услуги: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Создано Tomczak | Stanisławski RODO и условия обслуживания © Авторские права на Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%87%d1%82%d0%be-%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bc/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b1db2ca6 Kopeć & Zaborowski — одна из ведущих юридических фирм Польши. У нас самая большая команда в Польше, занимающаяся уголовным правом в самом широком смысле. Мы представляем обвиняемых по всем видам уголовных дел как на национальном, так и на международном уровне. Мы на протяжении многих лет создаем команду специалистов по уголовному праву. Наши юристы полностью вовлечены в защиту клиентов и борьбу за их права. Опытные адвокаты и юрисконсульты являются гарантией проведения уголовных процессов в соответствии с самыми высокими стандартами. Мы обладаем обширным опытом выступлений в судах, перед правоохранительными органами и международными судебными институтами. Мы также оказываем помощь перед налоговыми и другими государственными органами. У нас богатый опыт в делах с трансграничным элементом и международном сотрудничестве. Мы также являемся членами таких юридических организаций, как Defense Extradition Lawyers Forum (DELF) и European Criminal Bar Association (ECBA) — ведущей группы независимых адвокатов по уголовным делам при совете европы. С мужеством и решимостью мы действительно заботимся о безопасности и правах наших клиентов. Мы действуем междисциплинарно, привлекая детективов, аудиторов и налоговых консультантов. Мы вели самые известные уголовные процессы в Польше. наше предложение в первую очередь адресовано: иностранцам, ищущим поддержку в области уголовного права в Польше; семьям лиц, задержанных или арестованных в Польше, а также экстрадированных лиц; лицам, срочно нуждающимся в помощи защитника в Польше; юридическим фирмам, ищущим профессиональную поддержку в деятельности в Польше Если вам требуется помощь по уголовному делу и вы не уверены, как разобраться в особенностях польской судебной системы — обратитесь к нам. Мы возьмём на себя полное сопровождение дела и взаимодействие с правоохранительными... --- - Published: 2025-11-19 - Modified: 2025-11-19 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/discover-lawyers-in-poland/ - Tags: English - : pll_696ffdd811321 A brief overview of our practice areas and how we support foreign clients in Poland. --- - Published: 2025-05-10 - Modified: 2026-01-26 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33b038a2d2 Уголовное право в Польше ⚖️ Адвокат по уголовным делам в Польше 🤝 Защита по уголовным делам en ru es Что мы делаем Опыт Награды Команда Руководящие принципы Контакт en ru es Уголовное право Польша Глобальный взгляд на локальные вопросы Домашняя страница Лидеры Что мы делаем Опыт Награды Что мы делаем Домашняя страница Лидеры Опыт Награды Контакт 01Что мы делаем Что мы делаем Kopeć & Zaborowski — одна из ведущих юридических фирм Польши. У нас самая большая команда в Польше, специализирующаяся на уголовном праве в самом широком его понимании. Мы представляем обвиняемых во всех видах внутренних и международных процессов. Мы на протяжении многих лет формируем команду специалистов по уголовному праву. Наши юристы полностью преданы делу защиты клиентов и борьбы за их права. Опытные адвокаты и юрисконсульты являются гарантией проведения уголовного процесса в соответствии с самыми высокими стандартами. Мы имеем большой опыт представления интересов в судах, правоохранительных органах и международных судебных институтах. Мы также оказываем помощь перед налоговыми и другими государственными органами. С мужеством и решимостью мы действительно заботимся о безопасности и правах наших клиентов. Мы действуем междисциплинарно, привлекая детективов, аудиторов и налоговых консультантов. Мы вели самые известные уголовные процессы в Польше. Если вам нужна помощь в уголовном деле и вы не знаете, как ориентироваться в реалиях польской судебной системы — свяжитесь с нами.  Защита репутации в ПольшеЗащита от пиратства в ПольшеРегистрация компании в ПольшеПодбор и трудоустройство менеджеров и сотрудников в ПольшеФормирование корпоративной культуры организации в Польше Проверить больше 02Для кого Для кого мы работаем? у нас самая большая команда в польше,... --- - Published: 2023-06-27 - Modified: 2026-04-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/awards/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b8130274 Awards | One of the best law firm Poland | Lawyers in Poland en ru es What can we do for you Experience Awards Expert advice Team Guidelines Contact en ru es Awards KKZ was included in the list “Poland`s Best Law Firms" by “Forbes” magazine in 2022 and 2023, receiving exceptional awards in 7 areas of law, including corporate law, labour law, and dispiute resolution. In 2019, the Law Firm was included for the first time in the prestigious international ranking The LEGAL 500 – among the five hundred best law firms in the world and among the leading Polish law firms in the Commercial, Corporate and M&A category. In 2026, it received another distinction in the labor law category and in the “White-collar crime” category. Additionally, in 2024, it received the “Client Satisfaction” distinction, as one of the first law firms in Poland. This distinction testifies to the high level of satisfaction of clients using the law firm’s services. In 2024, attorney Maciej Zaborowski was listed for the second time in one of the most prestigious international industry rankings, Who is who legal, as the leader in the Business Crime Defense: Individuals category. In 2025, attorney Maciej Zaborowski was listed in one of the most prestigious international industry rankings, "Lexology," as a leader in the Business Crime Defense: Individuals category. This distinction gained even greater significance when he was designated a "Thought Leader." This title, awarded to only a quarter of nominated lawyers, is given to those who have achieved outstanding results... --- - Published: 2023-06-26 - Modified: 2025-07-27 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/guidelines/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b73360bc Guidelines | Lawyers in Poland en ru es What can we do for you Experience Awards Expert advice Team Guidelines Contact en ru es Guidelines What do I need to know? Contents Introduction to the Dispute Resolution System in Poland Introduction to Employment in Poland Introduction to Investing in Poland Introduction to Intellectual Property Protection in Poland Introduction to the Dispute Resolution System in Poland Poland’s legal system follows the continental (civil law) tradition, based on written codes and structured legal procedures. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, in force since 1997, is the highest legal authority and establishes the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Dispute resolution in Poland encompasses both court proceedings and alternative methods such as arbitration and mediation. This guide is designed to help foreign investors navigate the Polish legal landscape and understand the key mechanisms available for resolving commercial disputes. Download file Introduction to Employment in Poland Poland’s labor market operates under a comprehensive legal framework designed to balance the rights of employees with the responsibilities of employers. The cornerstone of employment regulation is the Polish Labor Code, which sets out key standards for employment contracts, working conditions, and employee protections. In addition to traditional employment relationships, alternative arrangements—such as civil law contracts—are also commonly used and governed by separate legal provisions. This guide offers foreign investors and employers an overview of Poland’s employment landscape to help them better understand local regulations and workforce practices. Download file Introduction to Investing... --- - Published: 2023-06-26 - Modified: 2024-02-13 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/experience/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b6cc42d1 Experience | Lawyers in Poland en ru es What can we do for you Experience Awards Expert advice Team Guidelines Contact en ru es Experience Pioneering the liquidation of a simple joint-stock company Read more Pioneering the liquidation of a simple joint-stock company Strategic exit structuring in a complex corporate group Read more Strategic exit structuring in a complex corporate group Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute Read more Defending Corporate and Board Interests in a High-Stakes Franchise Dispute Cross-border Investment for a revolutionary water technology Read more Cross-border Investment for a revolutionary water technology Seamless operational transfer in the telecom sector Read more Seamless operational transfer in the telecom sector Strengthening corporate governance in light of new legal reforms Read more Strengthening corporate governance in light of new legal reforms Innovative winding-up of a simple joint-stock company without liquidation Read more Innovative winding-up of a simple joint-stock company without liquidation Managing Complex Residential Investment Under Financial Constraints Read more Managing Complex Residential Investment Under Financial Constraints Enhancing a Pioneering Merger Plan in the Energy Sector Read more Enhancing a Pioneering Merger Plan in the Energy Sector Got serious problems? Don’t panic, we’ll help you. Check our guidelines Menu What can we do for you Team Experience Awards Expert advice Glossary Guidelines Contact What we do Inheritance in PolandInherited Real Estate in PolandDivision of marital property in PolandParental authority in PolandChild custody lawyer in PolandShow more +Divorce in PolandProtection of reputation in PolandProtection against piracy in... --- - Published: 2019-10-18 - Modified: 2025-07-21 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/what-we-do/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b1db2ca6 Kopeć & Zaborowski (KKZ) is one of the leading Polish full-service law firms, established in 2015 and fully funded with Polish capital. We offer tailored legal support to businesses operating in or entering the Polish market, combining legal precision with deep business understanding. Our team consists of over 60 top-tier experts in their fields, allowing us to deliver non-standard and practical solutions to complex legal and operational challenges. We are recognized as a strong mid-market player, consistently ranking in the TOP 50 Polish law firms by both revenue and size, and regularly recommended by major legal rankings. We advise a broad portfolio of clients, including international corporations, private and state-owned enterprises, entrepreneurs, HNWIs, as well as journalists and public figures. Our services cover a wide range of legal areas, with particular strengths in: Business and commercial law Corporate transactions and M&A Media and press law White-collar crime and criminal business defense Compliance and regulatory matters Employment and labour law Complex business and personal litigation We also provide unique investigative and advisory services, including: Forensic audits to detect insider fraud Business process improvement Risk mitigation and anti-litigation strategies Our clients benefit from interdisciplinary legal support – we often collaborate with detectives, auditors, and tax advisors to provide a holistic approach to legal risk and dispute resolution. Thanks to our courtroom experience, strategic thinking and full commitment, we have represented clients in some of the most high-profile cases in Poland. If you are looking for trusted legal guidance to navigate the Polish... --- - Published: 2019-10-18 - Modified: 2025-11-14 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b670261d Team | Lawyers in Poland en ru es What can we do for you Experience Awards Expert advice Team Guidelines Contact en ru es Leaders Joanna Chmielińska Partner, Attorney at law, Head of Business Law Department Maciej Trąbski Partner, Attorney at law, Head of Commercial & Regulatory Disputes Department International Team Karolina Kulikowska-Siewruk Advocate, Head of Family Law Practice Paweł Gołębiewski Attorney at law, Head of International Criminal Law Practice Marta Kopeć Attorney at law, Managing Partner Ewelina Rogala Attorney at law, Head of Commercial Disputes Practice Maciej Zaborowski Advocate, Managing Partner Monika Orczykowska Advocate, Head of the Criminal Law and Compliance Department Karolina Sokołowska Advocate Our Team Menu What can we do for you Team Experience Awards Expert advice Glossary Guidelines Contact What we do Inheritance in PolandInherited Real Estate in PolandDivision of marital property in PolandParental authority in PolandChild custody lawyer in PolandShow more +Divorce in PolandProtection of reputation in PolandProtection against piracy in PolandCompany incorporation in PolandRecruitment and employment of managers and employees in PolandBuilding corporate culture of the organization in PolandBusiness Litigation in PolandRegulatory & Tax in PolandInvestment in real estate in PolandM&A transactions in PolandBuilding holding structures in PolandExit of business from PolandEmployee layoffs in PolandContracts in PolandClaim recovery in PolandConsumer protection advisory & litigation in Poland Our other services: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law in Poland + Kontrola celno-skarbowa + Blokada Konta + ESG w Firmie Created by Tomczak | Stanisławski RODO & terms of service © Copyrights to Kopeć & Zaborowski... --- - Published: 2019-10-18 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/contact/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b79a1099 Contact | Lawyers in Poland en ru es What can we do for you Experience Awards Expert advice Team Guidelines Contact en ru es Contact Choose the way to contact us Visit us Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm 59A Hoża street apartment 1 B 00-681 Warsaw T: +48 690 300 257 WhatsApp M: show e-mail address Open HoursMon-Fri: 8:30 AM - 6:30 PM (CET) Fill up the form You fill in the blanks, and a lawyer will reply within one business day. Your name* Your topic—Please choose an option—Company incorporationBuilding corporate culture of the organizationM&A transactionsExit of business from PolandContractsClaim recovery in PolandRegulatory & TaxRecruitment and employment of managers and employeesInvestment in real estateBuilding holding structuresEmployee layoffsBusiness Litigation in PolandConsumer protection advisory & litigationOthers Phone number Your e-mail* Type your question* Find us on the map Menu What can we do for you Team Experience Awards Expert advice Glossary Guidelines Contact What we do Inheritance in PolandInherited Real Estate in PolandDivision of marital property in PolandParental authority in PolandChild custody lawyer in PolandShow more +Divorce in PolandProtection of reputation in PolandProtection against piracy in PolandCompany incorporation in PolandRecruitment and employment of managers and employees in PolandBuilding corporate culture of the organization in PolandBusiness Litigation in PolandRegulatory & Tax in PolandInvestment in real estate in PolandM&A transactions in PolandBuilding holding structures in PolandExit of business from PolandEmployee layoffs in PolandContracts in PolandClaim recovery in PolandConsumer protection advisory & litigation in Poland Our other services: + Kopeć & Zaborowski + Criminal Law... --- - Published: 2019-10-18 - Modified: 2025-01-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/rodo/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b87b7af9 Privacy Policy In connection with its business activities and the operation of the website https://lawyersinpoland. com/ (the "Website"), Kopeć Zaborowski Adwokaci i Radcowie Prawni spółka partnerska , with its registered office in Warsaw (00-681), at ul. Hoża 59a apt. 1b collects and processes personal data in accordance with applicable laws, including, in particular, the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 (hereinafter referred to as “GDPR”), and the principles of data processing provided therein. The personal data controller is is Kopeć Zaborowski Adwokaci i Radcowie Prawni Sp. p. , , with its registered office in Warsaw (00-681), at ul. Hoża 59a apt. 1b, NIP: 701 052 21 23, KRS No: 0000587324 (“KKZ”), which processes personal data in compliance with the applicable laws, including, in particular, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation, “GDPR”), as well as the Act of 10 May 2018 on the Protection of Personal Data. For any matters related to personal data processing, please contact us via email at iod@kkz. com. pl or by traditional mail at the following address: Kopeć Zaborowski Adwokaci i Radcowie Prawni sp. p. ; ul. Hoża 59a lok. 1b; 00-681 Warsaw (please include "IOD" in the subject). KKZ processes the personal data of clients... --- - Published: 2019-10-17 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33b038a2d2 Lawyers in Poland ⚖️ Global perspective on local issues 🏛️ en ru es What can we do for you Experience Awards Expert advice Team Guidelines Contact en ru es Lawyers in Poland Global perspective on local issues Lawyers in Poland Leaders What can we do for you Experience Awards What can we do for you Lawyers in Poland Leaders Experience Awards Contact 01What we do What we do Kopeć & Zaborowski (KKZ) is one of the leading Polish full-service law firms, established in 2015 and fully funded with Polish capital. We offer tailored legal support to businesses operating in or entering the Polish market, combining legal precision with deep business understanding. Our team consists of over 60 top-tier experts in their fields, allowing us to deliver non-standard and practical solutions to complex legal and operational challenges. We are recognized as a strong mid-market player, consistently ranking in the TOP 50 Polish law firms by both revenue and size, and regularly recommended by major legal rankings. We advise a broad portfolio of clients, including international corporations, private and state-owned enterprises, entrepreneurs, HNWIs, as well as journalists and public figures. If you are looking for trusted legal guidance to navigate the Polish legal and regulatory environment, KKZ is the partner to support and secure your business – contact us. Inheritance in PolandInherited Real Estate in PolandDivision of marital property in PolandParental authority in PolandChild custody lawyer in Poland Check more 02For who Who we work for? We support international and Polish companies,... --- --- ## Wpisy - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/perfeccionamiento-de-un-plan-de-fusion-pionero-en-el-sector-energetico/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a89870cece6 KKZ revisó meticulosamente y optimizó un complejo plan de fusión entre dos empresas energéticas líderes, incorporando estructuras innovadoras de garantías y revelaciones de información. Nuestro cliente, un grupo de destacadas empresas energéticas que opera a la vanguardia del sector, encomendó a KKZ la verificación exhaustiva y la mejora de un plan de fusión entre dos entidades del grupo. La fusión se diseñó para aplicar un marco innovador de declaraciones y garantías, que exigía a la sociedad adquirida proporcionar amplias revelaciones sobre su situación jurídica y patrimonial. La complejidad y el carácter pionero del encargo derivaban de varios factores clave, entre ellos la necesidad de equilibrar transparencia, asignación de riesgos y cumplimiento normativo en un sector altamente especializado. La experiencia jurídica de KKZ garantizó que el plan de fusión fuera sólido y estuviera alineado con los objetivos estratégicos del cliente, respaldando un proceso de consolidación fluido y jurídicamente seguro. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/gestion-de-una-inversion-residencial-compleja-bajo-limitaciones-financieras/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a8975a95a9d KKZ apoyó a una empresa de gestión inmobiliaria en la asunción del control de una promoción residencial cerca de Varsovia, superando los desafíos de financiación mediante negociaciones estratégicas y una adecuada estructuración jurídica. Nuestro cliente, una empresa de gestión inmobiliaria perteneciente a un conocido grupo de capital, fue designado por los inversores para asumir la gestión de un proyecto residencial en curso que comprendía aproximadamente 100 viviendas cerca de Varsovia. Los inversores afrontaban importantes dificultades de financiación debido a la insuficiencia de recursos propios y al retraso en la decisión de crédito por parte del banco. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/disolucion-innovadora-de-una-sociedad-por-acciones-simplificada-sin-liquidacion/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a89ac067ab2 KKZ asesoró a una start-up en el uso pionero de un mecanismo jurídico recientemente introducido para disolver una sociedad por acciones simplificada, prescindiendo de la liquidación tradicional mediante la transferencia de activos al accionista único. Nuestro cliente es una start-up cuyo modelo perdió impulso. La tarea jurídica encomendada consistió en estructurar y preparar el proceso de disolución de la sociedad. El aspecto singular de este caso fue la utilización de una nueva forma de disolver una sociedad por acciones simplificada, incorporada recientemente al ordenamiento jurídico polaco en julio de 2021. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/fortalecimiento-del-gobierno-corporativo-a-la-luz-de-las-nuevas-reformas-legales/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a88effeee58 KKZ prestó servicios integrales de asesoramiento societario para apoyar la adaptación a las recientes enmiendas del Código de Sociedades Comerciales, con especial atención a la redefinición del equilibrio de poderes entre el consejo de administración y el consejo de supervisión. Nuestro despacho prestó asistencia integral al Cliente en cuestiones societarias. El aspecto más relevante fue la regulación de las relaciones corporativas recíprocas entre el consejo de administración y el consejo de supervisión, especialmente en el contexto de la reciente modificación del Código de Sociedades Comerciales. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/transferencia-operativa-fluida-en-el-sector-de-las-telecomunicaciones/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a89a35c57f3 KKZ asesoró a un proveedor líder de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones en la asunción exitosa de operaciones de mantenimiento de una filial de Orange Poland, sin necesidad de llevar a cabo una reestructuración societaria formal. Nuestro despacho asesoró a una empresa líder en infraestructura de telecomunicaciones en la transferencia de operaciones de mantenimiento en la zona de Varsovia desde una filial de Orange Poland. El objetivo era garantizar la continuidad del negocio sin iniciar una escisión societaria formal. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/inversion-transfronteriza-para-una-tecnologia-revolucionaria-del-agua/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a8979b52a2e KKZ asesoró a una empresa innovadora del sector del agua y las bebidas en la obtención de inversión internacional para su sistema patentado de aprovechamiento de minerales, logrando un acuerdo de inversión jurídicamente sólido y con visión de futuro. KKZ representó a una empresa pionera en el ámbito de la producción de agua y bebidas, que había patentado con éxito un sistema revolucionario capaz de aprovechar complejos minerales. Nuestra prioridad fue identificar un inversor adecuado, capaz de reconocer el potencial disruptivo del sistema patentado de nuestro cliente y de facilitar su expansión global. Con nuestra ayuda, nuestro cliente encontró un destacado inversor extranjero. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/defensa-de-los-intereses-de-la-empresa-y-del-consejo-de-administracion-en-una-disputa-de-franquicia-de-alto-riesgo/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a88776bb71f KKZ representó a una empresa y a su consejo de administración en un litigio complejo que incluía reclamaciones de responsabilidad personal y daños y perjuicios superiores a 8,5 millones de PLN por la resolución de un contrato de franquicia. Nuestro despacho representó a una empresa y a los miembros de su consejo de administración en una disputa relativa a 8,5 millones de PLN en daños y perjuicios vinculados a la terminación anticipada de un contrato de franquicia. La demandante alegó que la terminación era injustificada y que tenía como objetivo sustituirla por un franquiciado con conexiones políticas, lo que le ocasionó la pérdida de oportunidades de negocio. La empresa sostuvo que la demandante incurrió en un incumplimiento sustancial del contrato, lo que justificaba su resolución inmediata. Un desafío clave en este asunto es la defensa de los miembros del consejo de administración, a quienes también se les exige responsabilidad personal. Nuestro despacho desarrolló una estrategia procesal integral para demostrar que el consejo actuó dentro de sus competencias y que la terminación estaba plenamente justificada. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/estructuracion-estrategica-de-la-salida-en-un-grupo-corporativo-complejo/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a88740a5d03 KKZ brindó asesoramiento jurídico para gestionar una compleja salida de un inversor, garantizando una transición fluida y protegiendo los intereses del accionista que permanecía en la sociedad. A KKZ se le encomendó la tarea jurídica de estructurar la forma más eficiente para que uno de los inversores saliera del grupo de sociedades. La dificultad de este caso derivaba de la complejidad de la estructura del grupo, lo que exigió un análisis minucioso y una planificación detallada para garantizar un proceso de salida fluido y favorable. Nuestro despacho fue contratado para asesorar al inversor que permanecía y proteger sus intereses, al tiempo que se gestionaban los riesgos asociados con la salida del inversor que se retiraba. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/pioneros-en-la-liquidacion-de-una-sociedad-por-acciones-simple/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Español - : pll_67a882f093c35 KKZ llevó a cabo uno de los primeros procesos de liquidación de una sociedad por acciones simple en Polonia, demostrando su capacidad de adaptación a la innovación jurídica. Se encomendó a KKZ la realización del proceso de liquidación de una start-up constituida como sociedad por acciones simple, es decir, una forma societaria recién introducida en el sistema jurídico polaco. Gracias al enfoque innovador de nuestro despacho y a nuestra habilidad para abordar desafíos jurídicos complejos, logramos llevar a cabo con éxito el proceso de liquidación, aportando claridad y orientación al sector y reafirmando el compromiso de nuestro bufete con la excelencia en la gestión de nuevos desarrollos legales en beneficio de nuestros clientes. --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-03-05 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/defending-corporate-and-board-interests-in-a-high-stakes-franchise-dispute-2/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a88776bb71f KKZ представляла компанию и её совет директоров в сложном судебном процессе, включающем требования личной ответственности и ущерб, превышающий 8,5 миллиона PLN, по делу о расторжении франчайзингового соглашения. Наша юридическая фирма представляла компанию и её членов совета директоров в споре по делу о 8,5 миллиона PLN ущерба, связанном с досрочным расторжением франчайзингового соглашения. Истец утверждал, что расторжение было необоснованным и направлено на замену его на франчайзи с политическими связями, что привело к утрате бизнес-возможностей. Компания утверждала, что истец существенно нарушил условия соглашения, что оправдывает немедленное расторжение. Основной задачей в этом деле стало защита членов совета директоров, которые также несут личную ответственность. Наша фирма разработала комплексную стратегию судебной защиты, чтобы продемонстрировать, что совет директоров действовал в пределах своих полномочий и что расторжение соглашения было полностью оправдано. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%ba%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d1%83%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a88effeee58 KKZ предоставила комплексное корпоративно-правовое сопровождение для приведения деятельности в соответствие с последними изменениями Кодекса коммерческих компаний, с акцентом на пересмотр баланса полномочий между правлением и наблюдательным советом. Наша юридическая фирма оказывала Клиенту всестороннюю помощь по корпоративным вопросам. Ключевой задачей стало урегулирование внутренних корпоративных отношений между правлением и наблюдательным советом, особенно в контексте недавних изменений в Кодексе коммерческих компаний. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%88%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bd/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a89870cece6 KKZ тщательно проверила и оптимизировала сложный план слияния между двумя ведущими энергетическими компаниями, внедрив инновационные структуры гарантий и раскрытия информации. Наш клиент — группа ведущих энергетических компаний, работающих на переднем крае отрасли, — поручил KKZ всестороннюю проверку и доработку плана слияния двух компаний внутри группы. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%83%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b6%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%bc-%d0%b6%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%89%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%bc-%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a8975a95a9d KKZ оказала поддержку компании по управлению недвижимостью при принятии контроля над жилым проектом рядом с Варшавой, преодолев финансовые сложности за счёт стратегических переговоров и юридического структурирования. Наш клиент — компания по управлению недвижимостью, входящая в известную группу компаний, — была назначена инвесторами для принятия управления текущим жилым проектом, включающим около 100 квартир рядом с Варшавой. Инвесторы столкнулись с существенными трудностями финансирования из-за недостаточного объёма собственных средств и задержки кредитного решения банка. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%8f%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bd%d0%be/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a89ac067ab2 KKZ консультировала стартап по новаторскому применению недавно введённого правового механизма прекращения деятельности простого акционерного общества в обход традиционной ликвидации путём передачи активов единственному акционеру. Наш клиент — стартап, чья бизнес-модель исчерпала свой потенциал. Поставленная юридическая задача включала структурирование и подготовку процесса прекращения деятельности компании. Уникальность этого дела заключалась в использовании нового способа прекращения деятельности простого акционерного общества, который был недавно введён в польскую правовую систему в июле 2021 года. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%b1%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%88%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b0%d1%87%d0%b0-%d0%be%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b9-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%8f/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a89a35c57f3 KKZ консультировала ведущего поставщика телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры по успешному принятию на себя эксплуатационно-технического обслуживания от дочерней компании Orange Poland без необходимости формальной корпоративной реструктуризации. Наша юридическая фирма консультировала ведущую компанию в сфере телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры по передаче функций технического обслуживания в районе Варшавы от дочерней компании Orange Poland. Цель состояла в обеспечении непрерывности бизнеса без запуска формальной процедуры корпоративного разделения. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8e%d1%86/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a8979b52a2e KKZ консультировала инновационную компанию в сфере воды и напитков по вопросу привлечения международных инвестиций для её запатентованной системы извлечения минеральных комплексов, обеспечив юридически надёжное и дальновидное инвестиционное соглашение. KKZ представляла интересы передовой компании в области производства воды и напитков, которая успешно запатентовала революционную систему, способную извлекать минеральные комплексы. Нашим приоритетом был поиск подходящего инвестора, способного оценить прорывной потенциал запатентованной системы клиента и содействовать её глобальному масштабированию. С нашей помощью клиент привлёк крупного иностранного инвестора. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b5-%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a88740a5d03 KKZ предоставила юридическое сопровождение сложного выхода инвестора, обеспечив плавный переход и защиту интересов остающегося акционера. KKZ была поручена юридическая задача по выстраиванию наиболее эффективного механизма выхода одного инвестора из группы компаний. Сложность этого дела была обусловлена запутанной структурой группы, что потребовало тщательного анализа и детального планирования для обеспечения бесшовного и благоприятного процесса выхода. Наша юридическая фирма была привлечена для консультирования остающегося инвестора и защиты его интересов при одновременном управлении рисками, связанными с выходом инвестора, покидающего проект. --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be-%d0%b0%d0%ba%d1%86/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a882f093c35 KKZ сопровождала один из первых в Польше процессов прекращения деятельности простого акционерного общества, продемонстрировав способность адаптироваться к правовым инновациям. KKZ было поручено провести процедуру прекращения деятельности стартап-компании в форме простого акционерного общества, то есть организационно-правовой формы, недавно введенной в польскую правовую систему. Благодаря инновационному подходу нашей юридической фирмы и умению решать сложные правовые задачи нам удалось успешно реализовать этот процесс, обеспечив отрасли ясность и практические ориентиры, а также подтвердив приверженность нашей фирмы высокому стандарту сопровождения новых правовых изменений в интересах клиентов. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-08-04 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/pioneering-the-liquidation-of-a-simple-joint-stock-company/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a882f093c35 KKZ handled one of the first winding-up processes of a simple joint-stock company in Poland, showcasing its adaptability to legal innovation. KKZ has been commissioned to conduct the process of winding up of a start-up company in the form of simple joint-stock company, i. e. the form newly introduced to the Polish legal system. Thanks to our law firm's innovative approach and adeptness at tackling complex legal challenges we managed to successfully implement the winding-up process, providing clarity and guidance to the industry and affirming our law firm's commitment to excellence in navigating new legal developments for the benefit of our clients. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/strategic-exit-structuring-in-a-complex-corporate-group/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a88740a5d03 KKZ provided legal guidance in navigating a complex investor exit, ensuring a smooth transition and safeguarding the interests of the remaining shareholder. KKZ was assigned legal task involved structuring the most efficient way for one investor to exit the group of companies. The difficulty of this case stemmed from the intricacy of the group's structure, which required meticulous analysis and planning to ensure a seamless and favorable exit process. Our law firm was retained to advise the remaining investor and secure their interests while managing the risks associated with the retreating investor's exit. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/defending-corporate-and-board-interests-in-a-high-stakes-franchise-dispute/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a88776bb71f KKZ represented a company and its management board in a complex litigation involving personal liability claims and damages exceeding PLN 8. 5 million over the termination of a franchise agreement. Our Law Firm represented a company and its management board members in a dispute concerning PLN 8. 5 million in damages related to the early termination of a franchise agreement. The plaintiff claimed the termination was unjustified and aimed at replacing her with a politically connected franchisee, resulting in lost business opportunities. The company argued that the plaintiff materially breached the agreement, justifying immediate termination. A key challenge in this case is defending the management board members, who are also being held personally liable. Our Firm developed a comprehensive litigation strategy to demonstrate that the board acted within its authority and that the termination was fully justified. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/cross-border-investment-for-a-revolutionary-water-technology/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a8979b52a2e KKZ advised a groundbreaking water and beverage company in securing international investment for its patented mineral harnessing system, delivering a legally robust and visionary investment agreement. KKZ represented a pioneering company in the domain of water and beverage production, having successfully patented a revolutionary system capable of harnessing mineral complexes. Our priority was to identify a suitable investor capable of recognizing the groundbreaking potential of our client's patented system and facilitating its global expansion. With our help, our client matched with a prominent foreign investor. Our legal assistance involved drafting a comprehensive investment agreement in English, given the international nature of the transaction. Our legal team worked diligently to ensure the agreement not only adhered to local and international legal market standards but also captured the essence of our client's vision and the investor's objectives. The agreement addressed various complex issues, including intellectual property rights, technology transfer, profit-sharing arrangements, and dispute resolution mechanisms. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/seamless-operational-transfer-in-the-telecom-sector/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a89a35c57f3 KKZ advised a leading telecom infrastructure provider on the successful takeover of maintenance operations from an Orange Poland subsidiary, without the need for formal corporate restructuring. Our Law Firm advised a leading telecommunications infrastructure company on the transfer of maintenance operations in the Warsaw area from an Orange Poland subsidiary. The goal was to ensure business continuity without initiating a formal corporate division. We handled the transfer of real estate leases, vehicle leases, employment contracts, and service agreements, and drafted a sale agreement for maintenance tools. The Firm coordinated the entire process to align with the client’s business model and protect their interests. This complex project required expertise in corporate, labor, real estate, and financial law. As a result, the client seamlessly took over operations, and the subsidiary ceased its activities. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/strengthening-corporate-governance-in-light-of-new-legal-reforms/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a88effeee58 KKZ provided comprehensive corporate advisory services to support alignment with recent amendments to the Commercial Companies Code, with a focus on redefining the balance of powers between the management and supervisory boards. Our Law Firm provided comprehensive assistance to the Client on corporate issues. The most essential matter was the regulation of mutual corporate relations between the management board and the supervisory board, especially in the context of the recent amendment to the Commercial Companies Code. This amendment introduced a number of new control powers for the supervisory board and strengthened its position as a corporate body. The Law Firm's task in this regard was, among other things, to prepare appropriate amendments to the company's existing regulations, but also to create new documents, such as regulations for the election of a supervisory board advisor. KKZ also prepared for the Client several legal opinions clarifying the wording of the company’s internal regulations, provisions of contracts concluded with members of the management board, as well as changes in commercial law. Evaluation of decisions made by board members in the context of the business judgment rule and possible future liability of members of the management board was one of the key issues considered in the legal opinions. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/innovative-winding-up-of-a-simple-joint-stock-company-without-liquidation/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a89ac067ab2 KKZ advised a start-up on the pioneering use of a newly introduced legal mechanism for dissolving a simple joint-stock company by passing traditional liquidation through asset transfer to the sole shareholder. Our client is a start-up whose formula has run out of steam. The assigned legal task involved the structuring and preparation of the winding up process for the company. The unique aspect of this case was the utilization of a new way of winding up a simple joint-stock company, which had been recently introduced to the Polish legal system in July 2021. The introduction of the simple joint-stock company as a new legal form brought about a simplified procedure for winding up the company without the need for its liquidation. Instead, the assets and obligations of the company can be transferred to its sole shareholder, streamlining the process considerably. However, the challenge lied in the limited provisions within the Polish Code of Commercial Companies, leaving practitioners with uncertainties about the practical implementation of this new winding-up method. --- - Published: 2023-12-01 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/managing-complex-residential-investment-under-financial-constraints/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a8975a95a9d KKZ supported a property management company in assuming control over a residential development near Warsaw, overcoming financing challenges through strategic negotiations and legal structuring. Our client, a property management company within a well-known capital group, was appointed by investors to take over the management of an ongoing residential project comprising approximately 100 flats near Warsaw. The investors were facing significant financing difficulties due to insufficient equity and a delayed credit decision from the bank. Entering the project mid-implementation required our client to provide a loan to co-finance the investment and take charge of managing the construction process, as well as overseeing promotion and commercialization efforts. Additionally, the client had to negotiate and secure an agreement between the investors and the general contractor. Following extensive negotiations, KKZ successfully facilitated the signing of a tripartite agreement among the investors, our client, and the general contractor, enabling the project to proceed smoothly despite initial financial obstacles. --- - Published: 2023-06-29 - Modified: 2025-07-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/enhancing-a-pioneering-merger-plan-in-the-energy-sector/ - Kategorie: Bez kategorii - Tags: English - : pll_67a89870cece6 KKZ meticulously reviewed and optimized a complex merger plan between two leading energy companies, incorporating innovative warranty and disclosure structures. Our client, a group of prominent energy companies operating at the forefront of the industry, entrusted KKZ with the thorough verification and enhancement of a merger plan involving two entities within the group. The merger was designed to leverage an innovative framework for representations and warranties, requiring the acquired company to provide extensive disclosures concerning its legal and asset status. The assignment’s complexity and pioneering nature stemmed from several key factors, including the need to balance transparency, risk allocation, and regulatory compliance within a highly specialized sector. KKZ’s legal expertise ensured that the merger plan was both robust and aligned with the strategic objectives of the client, supporting a smooth and legally secure consolidation process. --- --- ## Pojęcia - Published: 2026-04-22 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/injunction-interim-measure/ - Tags: English - Litery: I Injunction (interim measure) What is an injunction? An injunction, often described as an interim measure, is a court order used to protect a party’s rights before a final judgment is issued. Its purpose is practical: to preserve the existing situation, prevent further harm, secure evidence, or stop actions that could make later enforcement of a judgment ineffective or impossible. In cross-border disputes, similar measures may also be available in arbitration or under the procedural rules of foreign courts. Although the exact terminology and legal tests differ between jurisdictions, an injunction is generally temporary and urgent in nature. It does not usually decide the merits of the case at the final stage. Instead, it addresses the period between the start of a dispute and the final resolution. Courts typically examine whether there is a credible claim, whether there is a real risk of harm, and whether immediate protection is justified in the circumstances. In practice, injunctions can be prohibitory or mandatory. A prohibitory injunction orders a party not to do something - for example, not to dispose of assets, disclose confidential information, call a bank guarantee, or continue infringing intellectual property rights. A mandatory injunction requires a party to take a specific step - for example, to return documents, grant access, or restore a prior state of affairs. Because mandatory measures may interfere more strongly with the other party’s position, courts in many systems apply a stricter approach to them. What does an injunction cover in practice? Interim measures are used... --- - Published: 2026-04-22 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/trade-secret/ - Tags: English - Litery: T Trade secret What is a trade secret? A trade secret is confidential business information that has economic value because it is not generally known or readily accessible to people who normally deal with that type of information. In practice, a trade secret may cover technical know-how, manufacturing methods, formulas, source code, customer lists, pricing models, business strategies, product roadmaps, internal procedures, or other commercially sensitive information. Under Article 2(1) of Directive (EU) 2016/943, a trade secret means information which: “is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question”, “has commercial value because it is secret”, and “has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information, to keep it secret”. These three elements are usually treated as cumulative. If one of them is missing, legal protection may be limited or unavailable. The concept is important in commercial practice because not every valuable business asset can or should be protected through registration rights such as patents, trademarks, or designs. Some information is better protected through confidentiality. A trade secret can therefore function as a practical legal tool for preserving competitive advantage, especially where disclosure would weaken a company’s market position or reveal how it operates. What does trade secret protection cover? Trade secret protection may apply to many areas... --- - Published: 2026-04-21 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/bankruptcy/ - Tags: English - Litery: B Bankruptcy What is bankruptcy? Bankruptcy is a formal legal procedure used when a debtor is no longer able to meet due financial obligations. Depending on the legal system and the status of the debtor, it may apply to companies, entrepreneurs, and in some jurisdictions also to private individuals. In practice, bankruptcy is intended to organize the debtor’s financial situation under court supervision, protect the interests of creditors, and determine whether the debtor’s assets should be liquidated or whether liabilities can be addressed in another legally permitted way. In business practice, bankruptcy is not simply a synonym for financial difficulty. A company may face temporary liquidity problems and still remain outside insolvency proceedings. Bankruptcy usually becomes relevant when the financial condition reaches a legally significant threshold, such as insolvency understood as an inability to pay debts as they fall due or, in some systems, an excess of liabilities over assets. The exact test, filing duties, and consequences depend on the applicable national law. Bankruptcy has important legal, financial, and operational effects. Once proceedings are opened, the debtor’s freedom to manage assets is often restricted, a court-appointed officeholder may take control or supervision over the estate, and creditors must usually pursue claims within the framework of the proceedings rather than by individual enforcement. For directors, shareholders, and business partners, bankruptcy can also trigger reporting obligations, contractual consequences, and exposure to liability if action was taken too late. What does bankruptcy involve? Bankruptcy proceedings typically involve identifying the debtor’s assets, verifying creditor claims,... --- - Published: 2026-04-21 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/estonian-cit/ - Tags: English - Litery: E Estonian CIT What is Estonian CIT? Estonian CIT is a corporate income tax model available in Poland under the rules on lump-sum taxation of company income. In practice, it does not mean that a company is taxed under Estonian law. The term is used because the mechanism resembles the Estonian approach, where taxation is generally deferred until profits are distributed rather than imposed annually on taxable income. In the Polish system, Estonian CIT allows eligible companies to postpone corporate income tax until profit is paid out to shareholders or used in a way treated by law as equivalent to distribution. This is a significant departure from the standard CIT regime, under which taxable income is generally calculated on an ongoing basis according to tax rules, regardless of whether profit is retained or distributed. The model is intended mainly for companies that reinvest earnings and do not regularly transfer profits to owners. Its practical value lies in simplifying certain tax settlements and improving cash flow, because tax is not charged solely due to the generation of profit. At the same time, the regime is subject to statutory conditions, and failure to meet them may exclude the taxpayer from this form of taxation or trigger additional consequences under the Corporate Income Tax Act. How does Estonian CIT work in practice? Under the Polish Corporate Income Tax Act, taxation in the Estonian CIT model is linked primarily to specific events, especially profit distribution, hidden profits, expenses unrelated to business activity, or other categories... --- - Published: 2026-04-21 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/whistleblower-protection/ - Tags: English - Litery: W Whistleblower protection What is whistleblower protection? Whistleblower protection refers to legal and organisational measures designed to protect individuals who report wrongdoing encountered in a work-related context. In practice, this usually concerns reports of breaches of law, serious compliance failures, abuses of power, fraud, corruption, threats to public safety, data protection violations, labour law breaches, or other misconduct that may expose an organisation, its employees, business partners, or the public to risk. A whistleblower is typically a person who obtained information about irregularities through their professional activity - for example as an employee, former employee, job applicant, contractor, shareholder, management board member, trainee, volunteer, or supplier. Protection does not consist only in allowing a report to be made. Its core purpose is to reduce the risk of retaliation, such as dismissal, demotion, intimidation, loss of promotion opportunities, reputational damage, withholding of payment, or other adverse treatment linked to the disclosure. Within the European Union, whistleblower protection has been shaped in particular by Directive (EU) 2019/1937 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law. The Directive requires certain public and private entities to implement internal reporting channels and to ensure safeguards for reporting persons. In Poland, the practical application of whistleblower rules depends on the wording of the national legislation in force, the scope of protected reports, and the internal procedures adopted by organisations. For this reason, whistleblower protection should be understood not only as a statutory concept, but also as a compliance process requiring proper reporting mechanisms, case... --- - Published: 2026-04-21 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/branch-office/ - Tags: English - Litery: B Branch Office What is a branch office? A branch office is a separate organisational unit through which a business carries out operations outside its main seat. In legal and commercial practice, a branch does not usually function as an independent company. It is generally an extension of the parent entity, created to conduct business activities in another location or jurisdiction while remaining linked to the main enterprise. The exact legal meaning of a branch office depends on the applicable national rules. In many systems, including Poland, a branch of a foreign entrepreneur may operate under specific statutory requirements, including registration, representation rules and compliance with local disclosure obligations. Although a branch may have its own address, management structure or operational staff, it is not typically treated as a separate legal person distinct from the parent business. From a practical perspective, a branch office allows a company to expand its operations, serve local clients, employ staff and enter into day-to-day business relationships in a new market without necessarily creating a separate subsidiary. At the same time, because the branch remains connected to the parent entity, its legal, tax, regulatory and liability implications should be assessed carefully before it is established. What does a branch office do? A branch office is used to perform business activities that fall within the scope of the parent company’s operations. Depending on the sector and local legal framework, a branch may be involved in sales, customer service, contract performance, market development, administrative support or selected regulated... --- - Published: 2026-04-20 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/data-breach-notification/ - Tags: English - Litery: D Data breach notification What is data breach notification? Data breach notification is the process of informing the competent supervisory authority and, in certain cases, the individuals affected that a personal data breach has occurred. Under the GDPR, a personal data breach means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed. This is a legal concept with specific consequences for controllers and, in some situations, processors. In practice, data breach notification is not limited to large-scale cyberattacks. It may also concern misdirected emails, loss of a device containing personal data, unauthorised access to systems, publication of data to the wrong audience, or accidental deletion of records. The legal assessment does not depend only on the technical incident itself, but on whether the event creates a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. For most organisations, the key issue is timing and proper qualification of the incident. Article 33 GDPR requires the controller to notify the supervisory authority without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than 72 hours after becoming aware of the breach, unless the breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. Article 34 GDPR further requires communication to affected individuals where the breach is likely to result in a high risk to their rights and freedoms. These duties are interpreted with reference to the specific facts, the categories of data... --- - Published: 2026-04-20 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/land-and-mortgage-register/ - Tags: English - Litery: L Land and mortgage register What is a land and mortgage register? A land and mortgage register is an official public register used to determine the legal status of real estate. In Poland, it is maintained by district courts and serves as a key source of information about ownership, perpetual usufruct, encumbrances, limited property rights, claims, and mortgages affecting a property. Its core function is to improve legal certainty in real estate transactions and to protect parties who rely on the register when acquiring rights. The register is governed primarily by the Act on Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage and by implementing regulations concerning the keeping of registers in the ICT system. In practice, the land and mortgage register is one of the first documents reviewed when assessing whether a property can be safely purchased, financed, leased, divided, or used as collateral. It is also relevant in disputes concerning title, enforcement, inheritance, and corporate transactions involving real estate assets. A typical register is divided into four sections. Section I identifies the property and rights connected with its ownership. Section II indicates the owner or perpetual usufructuary. Section III contains entries relating to restrictions on disposal, easements, rights and claims of third parties, and other encumbrances except mortgages. Section IV contains mortgages. The content of these sections may materially affect the legal and economic value of a property. The legal significance of the register goes beyond its informational role. Under Polish law, important principles apply, including the presumption that the right... --- - Published: 2026-04-19 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/gdpr-compliance/ - Tags: English - Litery: G GDPR compliance What is GDPR compliance? GDPR compliance means aligning an organisation’s personal data practices with Regulation (EU) 2016/679, known as the General Data Protection Regulation, and - where applicable - related national rules, including the Polish data protection framework and the practice of the President of the Personal Data Protection Office. In practical terms, it is not limited to having a privacy policy or obtaining consent. It requires a structured approach to collecting, using, storing, sharing and deleting personal data in a lawful, transparent and secure manner. An organisation is GDPR compliant when it can demonstrate that personal data is processed on a valid legal basis, for specified purposes, in a proportionate way and with appropriate safeguards. Compliance also includes enabling data subjects to exercise their rights, such as the right of access, rectification, erasure, restriction, objection and data portability where applicable. The GDPR is built on the accountability principle, which means that it is not enough to follow the rules in substance - the organisation should also be able to prove it. GDPR compliance applies to a wide range of entities, including companies, employers, online service providers, e-commerce businesses, healthcare entities, financial institutions and public bodies. It may also apply to organisations outside the EU if they offer goods or services to individuals in the EU or monitor their behaviour. Depending on the facts, an entity may act as a controller, a processor or both in different processing operations, which directly affects the scope of its obligations. What... --- - Published: 2026-04-19 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/general-anti-avoidance-rule-gaar/ - Tags: English - Litery: G General anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) What is the general anti-avoidance rule? The general anti-avoidance rule, commonly referred to as GAAR, is a legal mechanism that allows tax authorities to challenge arrangements designed mainly to obtain a tax advantage that is contrary to the object or purpose of tax law. In practice, GAAR is intended to address artificial or abusive tax planning that formally complies with the wording of legal provisions but defeats their intended effect. GAAR does not target ordinary tax planning as such. Businesses and individuals are generally allowed to organise their affairs in a tax-efficient way. The issue arises where a structure, transaction, or series of steps has little or no genuine commercial justification beyond reducing tax, especially if it relies on formal features that do not reflect economic reality. In such cases, the authority may disregard the chosen arrangement and determine the tax consequences on the basis of an appropriate alternative course of action consistent with the purpose of the relevant rules. The precise scope of GAAR depends on the jurisdiction. In Poland, the general anti-avoidance rule is regulated in the Tax Ordinance Act. At the international level, anti-avoidance standards are also influenced by OECD work on base erosion and profit shifting and by anti-abuse clauses found in EU law and tax treaties. Because GAAR operates through broad concepts such as artificiality, main purpose, abuse, or tax benefit, its application often requires detailed legal and factual analysis. What does GAAR apply to in practice? GAAR may become relevant... --- - Published: 2026-04-19 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/perpetual-usufruct/ - Tags: English - Litery: P Perpetual usufruct What is perpetual usufruct? Perpetual usufruct is a legal institution known in Polish law as użytkowanie wieczyste. It gives a natural person or a legal entity the right to use land owned by the State Treasury or a local government unit for a long period, usually 99 years, and in exceptional cases for no less than 40 years. The legal framework for this right is set out primarily in the Polish Civil Code and in the Act of 21 August 1997 on Real Estate Management. In practice, perpetual usufruct is not the same as full ownership of land. The land remains publicly owned, but the perpetual usufructuary may use it in many respects as an owner would, subject to statutory limits, the agreement establishing the right, and the designated purpose of the land. Buildings and structures erected on such land generally belong to the perpetual usufructuary, which makes this right particularly relevant in residential, commercial, and investment contexts. Perpetual usufruct has historically played an important role in the Polish real estate market, especially in urban areas where public entities retained ownership of land while granting long-term development and use rights to private parties. Although legislative changes have reduced its role in many residential contexts, it remains a significant concept in real estate transactions, development projects, and disputes concerning land rights. How does perpetual usufruct work in practice? A perpetual usufruct right is usually established by agreement in the form of a notarial deed and entered into the land... --- - Published: 2026-04-19 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/lease-agreement/ - Tags: English - Litery: L Lease agreement What is a lease agreement? A lease agreement is a contract under which one party grants another party the right to use a specific asset for an agreed period in exchange for payment. In practice, lease agreements are commonly used for real estate, commercial premises, vehicles, machinery, equipment, and other business assets. The contract usually defines the subject of the lease, the duration of use, the amount and timing of payments, the allocation of costs, maintenance duties, and the conditions for termination or renewal. From a legal perspective, a lease agreement is more than a simple permission to use property. It is a binding arrangement that allocates rights, obligations, and risks between the parties. Depending on the type of asset and the governing law, the agreement may also regulate liability for damage, insurance, repairs, permitted use, subleasing, default consequences, and return conditions at the end of the term. In commercial relationships, the wording of these clauses can materially affect the parties' operational and financial position. A properly drafted lease agreement helps reduce uncertainty and supports enforceability if a dispute arises. It may also interact with other legal areas, including tax, accounting, corporate, consumer, employment, and real estate law. For that reason, although lease agreements are often treated as standard documents, they should be reviewed in light of the actual transaction, the parties' business objectives, and the risks connected with the leased asset. What does a lease agreement cover in practice? In practice, a lease agreement may be used... --- - Published: 2026-04-18 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/real-estate-spv/ - Tags: English - Litery: R Real estate SPV What is a real estate SPV? A real estate SPV, or special purpose vehicle, is a separate legal entity created to acquire, hold, develop, finance, or dispose of a specific real estate asset or a defined real estate project. In practice, it is often established as a limited liability company or a similar corporate entity and used to isolate a property, related contracts, financing, and risks from the wider business of an investor, developer, or corporate group. The core function of a real estate SPV is ring-fencing. By placing a property or project in a dedicated company, the parties can separate liabilities connected with that asset from other operations, subject to applicable law, contractual arrangements, and any guarantees or security granted outside the SPV. This structure is commonly used in commercial real estate, logistics, office, retail, residential development, hotel projects, and joint ventures. It may also be used where investors want a clearer ownership structure, project-based financing, or an easier route for a future sale through a share deal rather than a direct asset sale. A real estate SPV can serve several legal and business purposes at the same time. It may help organise ownership, allocate rights between investors, secure lender interests, and simplify governance for a specific project. It is also relevant in due diligence, tax planning, regulatory compliance, and risk management. The exact structure depends on the transaction model, financing arrangements, investment horizon, and the jurisdiction in which the property is located. What does a... --- - Published: 2026-04-18 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/statute-of-limitations/ - Tags: English - Litery: S Statute of limitations What is a statute of limitations? A statute of limitations is a legal rule that sets the maximum period within which a claim may be brought, a prosecution may be initiated, or a right may be enforced before a court or another competent authority. Once that period expires, the legal consequences depend on the type of case and the applicable law. In civil matters, the claim often does not disappear entirely, but the debtor may raise limitation as a defence. In criminal matters, expiration may prevent prosecution or enforcement of a penalty. The exact effect always depends on the legal system, the category of claim, and any rules that suspend, interrupt, or restart the running of time. The purpose of limitation periods is practical as well as legal. They are meant to protect legal certainty, encourage timely action, and reduce the risk of deciding cases based on incomplete evidence after many years. Over time, documents may be lost, memories may fade, and factual reconstruction becomes more difficult. For that reason, most legal systems impose time limits on asserting rights, although the duration of those limits and the consequences of missing them vary significantly. The term is used across many areas of law, including contract disputes, tort claims, employment matters, consumer cases, tax proceedings, and criminal law. It should not be confused with related concepts such as procedural deadlines, prescription periods, repose periods, or limitation on enforcement. In cross-border matters, identifying the correct limitation regime can be especially... --- - Published: 2026-04-18 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/force-majeure/ - Tags: English - Litery: F Force majeure What is force majeure? Force majeure is a legal concept used to describe extraordinary events that are beyond a party’s reasonable control and that prevent, hinder, or delay the performance of contractual obligations. In practice, the term most often appears in contracts as a force majeure clause. Its function is to allocate risk between the parties if an exceptional event occurs that could not reasonably have been avoided or overcome. There is no single universal definition of force majeure that applies in the same way in every legal system or every contract. In common commercial usage, force majeure may cover events such as natural disasters, war, riots, terrorism, epidemics, strikes, government restrictions, embargoes, or major disruptions to infrastructure or supply chains. Whether a specific event qualifies depends primarily on the wording of the contract, the governing law, and the factual circumstances. Under many legal approaches, force majeure is not triggered merely because performance has become more expensive or less convenient. Usually, the affected party must show a real connection between the extraordinary event and the inability or serious impediment to perform. In addition, contracts often require prompt notice, evidence of the impact, and reasonable mitigation efforts. What does force majeure cover in practice? In contractual practice, a force majeure clause may regulate several important issues. First, it can define which events are covered. Some clauses contain a closed list of events, while others use broader language followed by examples. Second, it may specify the legal consequences, such as... --- - Published: 2026-04-17 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/mortgage/ - Tags: English - Litery: M Mortgage What is a mortgage? A mortgage is a legal mechanism used to secure repayment of a debt, most often a loan granted to finance the purchase, construction, or refinancing of real estate. In practice, it gives the creditor - usually a bank or another financial institution - the right to seek satisfaction from a specific property if the debtor fails to perform the secured obligation. In many jurisdictions, a mortgage is created over land, a building, or a specific proprietary interest in real estate, and it remains connected to that asset until the secured claim is repaid or otherwise extinguished. From a practical perspective, a mortgage is not the same as the loan itself. The loan agreement defines the amount borrowed, repayment schedule, interest, fees, and default rules. The mortgage serves as collateral for that obligation. This distinction matters because the legal consequences of breaching a loan agreement may include enforcement against the mortgaged property, subject to the governing law, registration requirements, and procedural rules. In cross-border transactions, terminology may differ, and some legal systems distinguish between a mortgage, a charge, or a deed of trust, even where the economic function is similar. In legal and commercial practice, a mortgage plays an important role in reducing credit risk and enabling long-term financing on terms that may be more accessible than unsecured borrowing. For property owners, it creates a significant encumbrance affecting the ability to sell, refinance, or further encumber the property. For lenders, it provides a structured path to... --- - Published: 2026-04-16 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/ip-box-regime/ - Tags: English - Litery: I IP Box regime What is the IP Box regime? The IP Box regime is a preferential tax mechanism that allows eligible taxpayers to apply a reduced income tax rate to income derived from certain intellectual property rights. In Poland, this preference is commonly referred to as IP Box or Innovation Box and is regulated in the Corporate Income Tax Act and the Personal Income Tax Act. As a rule, the preferential rate is 5% for qualified income from qualified intellectual property rights, subject to meeting statutory conditions and proper calculation of the tax base. In practice, the regime is designed for businesses and individual entrepreneurs that create, develop or improve intellectual property through research and development activity. It is not enough to hold an intellectual property right formally. The taxpayer must usually demonstrate a real connection between its own R&D activity and the income benefiting from the preference. This connection is reflected in the so-called nexus approach, which links the scope of the tax benefit to the taxpayer’s own qualifying expenditure. The regime may apply to income generated from rights such as patents, supplementary protection certificates, protection rights for utility models, rights from registration of industrial designs, topographies of integrated circuits, additional protection rights for patents for medicinal products and plant protection products, rights from registration of medicinal and veterinary medicinal products authorised for marketing, and copyright to computer programs - where statutory requirements are met. Because the catalogue of qualifying rights is defined by law, each case should be... --- - Published: 2026-04-12 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/restructuring-proceedings/ - Tags: English - Litery: R Restructuring proceedings What are restructuring proceedings? Restructuring proceedings are formal legal procedures designed to help a financially distressed business avoid bankruptcy liquidation and restore its ability to operate. In Poland, they are regulated primarily by the Restructuring Law Act of 15 May 2015. Their purpose is to enable an arrangement with creditors, protect the debtor’s enterprise, and create conditions for improving liquidity, reducing debt pressure, and preserving business value. In practice, restructuring proceedings allow a business to address overdue liabilities, renegotiate repayment terms, and introduce operational or financial recovery measures under a legal framework. Depending on the type of proceeding, the debtor may retain a greater or lesser degree of control over its assets and ongoing business activity, while a court, court supervisor, or administrator may also play a role in overseeing the process. Restructuring is not limited to debt deferral. It may include partial debt write-downs, installment arrangements, protection against enforcement, approval of a restructuring plan, and measures aimed at restoring long-term viability. For many businesses, it is a tool for stabilising operations before loss of liquidity develops into insolvency. What do restructuring proceedings involve? Polish law provides four types of restructuring proceedings. Their selection depends on the debtor’s financial condition, the scale of creditor disputes, and the urgency of protective measures. The available models include arrangement approval proceedings, accelerated arrangement proceedings, arrangement proceedings, and remedial proceedings. Each differs in procedural complexity, court involvement, and the extent of protection available to the debtor. A central element of restructuring proceedings... --- - Published: 2026-04-11 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/corporate-criminal-liability/ - Tags: English - Litery: C Corporate criminal liability What is corporate criminal liability? Corporate criminal liability refers to the legal responsibility of a company or other collective entity for conduct classified as a criminal offence. In practice, this means that unlawful acts committed in connection with the company’s activity may lead not only to sanctions against individuals, but also to measures imposed on the organisation itself. Depending on the legal system, liability may arise from the acts of directors, managers, employees, representatives, or other persons acting on the company’s behalf or in its interest. This concept is important because many business-related offences are not limited to individual wrongdoing. Irregularities in tax settlements, corruption, fraud, money laundering, environmental breaches, accounting manipulation, or failures in supervision may be linked to the way a company is organised and managed. For that reason, many jurisdictions have developed rules that allow public authorities to investigate whether a company should face criminal or quasi-criminal consequences alongside the natural persons involved. Corporate criminal liability does not operate in exactly the same way in every country. In some jurisdictions, a company can be directly criminally liable as a separate legal subject. In others, liability takes a hybrid or administrative-penal form. There are also differences as to whether a prior finding of an individual’s offence is required before proceedings can be brought against the company. Because of these divergences, the legal assessment must always be made under the specific national framework and the facts of the case. How does corporate criminal liability work in... --- - Published: 2026-04-10 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/rd-tax-relief/ - Tags: English - Litery: R R&D tax relief What is R&D tax relief? R&D tax relief is a tax mechanism that allows businesses to reduce their tax base or tax liability when they incur eligible costs on research and development activities. In practice, it is designed to support innovation by recognising that work aimed at creating new or improved products, services, processes or technologies often involves technical uncertainty, experimentation and measurable cost. Although the detailed rules depend on the jurisdiction, the general purpose of R&D tax relief is similar across tax systems - to encourage investment in innovation and compensate businesses for part of the financial burden associated with development work. In Poland, this relief functions within the corporate and personal income tax framework and is commonly referred to as the R&D relief, allowing an additional deduction of qualifying costs. The legal basis is found primarily in the Polish Corporate Income Tax Act and Personal Income Tax Act. The scope of eligible costs, the method of settlement and documentation requirements follow statutory rules and tax practice. From a practical perspective, R&D tax relief is not limited to laboratory research or advanced science. It may also apply to systematic work carried out by technology companies, manufacturers, engineering businesses, software developers, life sciences entities and, in some cases, service providers, provided that the activities meet the statutory criteria. The key issue is not the industry itself, but whether the work is creative, systematic and aimed at increasing knowledge resources and using them to create new applications. What... --- - Published: 2026-04-10 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/copyright/ - Tags: English - Litery: C Copyright What is copyright? Copyright is a legal framework that protects original works of authorship once they are created and fixed in a tangible or otherwise identifiable form. In practice, it gives the author or other right holder a set of exclusive rights to decide how a protected work may be used, reproduced, distributed, communicated to the public, adapted, or licensed. Copyright typically applies to works such as texts, photographs, software, music, films, graphic designs, and other creative outputs. Under Polish law, copyright is primarily regulated by the Act of 4 February 1994 on Copyright and Related Rights. At the EU level, the rules are also shaped by directives and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, especially in relation to originality, online use of content, platform liability, software, and databases. As a general rule, protection arises automatically - registration is not required for copyright to exist. What matters is whether the work is original and has been expressed in a form that allows it to be identified. Copyright should be distinguished from ownership of a physical object and from other intellectual property rights. Buying a painting, a photograph, a report, or source code does not automatically mean acquiring copyright in that work. Likewise, copyright is different from trademark rights, patent rights, or industrial design protection. In business transactions, this distinction is often critical, because parties may assume they have broader rights than the contract actually grants. What does copyright cover in practice? In practical... --- - Published: 2026-04-09 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/anti-money-laundering-aml/ - Tags: English - Litery: A Anti-money laundering (AML) What is anti-money laundering (AML)? Anti-money laundering (AML) refers to the legal, regulatory, and organisational framework designed to prevent, detect, and report activities intended to conceal the criminal origin of assets. In practice, AML rules are meant to stop offenders from introducing illicit funds into the financial system, moving them through multiple transactions, and making them appear legitimate. The concept is closely connected with counter-terrorist financing (CTF), sanctions compliance, customer due diligence, and internal risk management. From a legal and operational perspective, AML is not limited to banks. The relevant duties may apply to a wide group of obliged entities, including financial institutions, payment service providers, investment firms, insurers, virtual asset service providers, and, in defined circumstances, also lawyers, notaries, accountants, tax advisers, and businesses involved in high-value transactions. The exact scope of obligations depends on the applicable jurisdiction, the type of service provided, and the risk profile of a given activity. Within the European Union, the AML framework is shaped mainly by successive AML Directives and related regulations, while in Poland key obligations are set out in the Act of 1 March 2018 on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, as amended. AML should also be understood as a compliance function. It requires organisations to identify and assess risk, verify clients and beneficial owners, monitor transactions, recognise unusual patterns, keep records, and report suspicious activity to the competent authority. In Poland, this authority is the General Inspector of Financial Information. At group level, AML may also... --- - Published: 2026-04-07 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/patent/ - Tags: English - Litery: P Patent What is a patent? A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention that meets specific legal requirements. In practice, it gives the patent holder the right to prevent third parties from making, using, offering, placing on the market, importing, or otherwise commercially exploiting the patented invention without consent for a limited period. In most legal systems, including under the European framework, patent protection is available for inventions that are new, involve an inventive step, and are capable of industrial application. These core criteria are reflected, among others, in the European Patent Convention. A patent does not protect every idea or concept. Legal protection is not granted for a mere abstract thought, business intention, or general technical ambition. What matters is a concrete technical solution described in a way that allows the invention to be understood and assessed. The scope of protection is determined primarily by the patent claims, interpreted in light of the description and drawings. For that reason, patent protection is both a legal and technical matter, and the wording of the application has direct consequences for enforceability. It is also important to distinguish a patent from other intellectual property rights. A patent protects inventions, while copyright protects original forms of expression, and trade marks protect signs identifying goods or services. In some cases, businesses also rely on trade secrets instead of filing a patent application. The choice between patenting and confidentiality depends on the nature of the innovation, the risk of reverse engineering, commercial strategy,... --- - Published: 2026-04-06 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/trademark/ - Tags: English - Litery: T Trademark What is a trademark? A trademark is a sign used to distinguish the goods or services of one business from those offered by others. In practice, a trademark may take the form of a word, logo, slogan, graphic element, colour arrangement, shape, or, in some systems, even a sound, provided that it is capable of identifying commercial origin and can be represented or otherwise recorded in the manner required by the relevant registration system. The core function of a trademark is to indicate that specific goods or services come from a particular undertaking. Trademark protection plays an important role in market activity because it supports brand recognition, reduces the risk of consumer confusion, and helps businesses build goodwill. A registered trademark can also become a valuable commercial asset. It may be licensed, assigned, contributed to a company, used in franchise structures, or enforced against competitors and other third parties that use similar signs without authorisation. From a legal perspective, trademark rights are usually territorial. This means that protection depends on the country or region in which the mark is registered or otherwise recognised. In Poland, protection may arise through registration before the Polish Patent Office, while broader protection may be sought through the European Union trademark system administered by the European Union Intellectual Property Office. International registration routes are also available under the Madrid system administered by WIPO, although the scope of protection still depends on designated jurisdictions. What does a trademark protect? A trademark primarily protects the distinctive... --- - Published: 2026-04-04 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/liquidation/ - Tags: English - Litery: L Liquidation What is liquidation? Liquidation is a legal and economic process aimed at ending the activity of a company or another entity, settling its affairs, collecting receivables, satisfying creditors, and distributing any remaining assets in accordance with applicable law. In practice, liquidation usually means an orderly winding up of a business rather than its further operation for profit. Depending on the legal basis and the financial condition of the entity, liquidation may be voluntary or connected with insolvency proceedings. In corporate practice, liquidation most often begins when a decision is made to dissolve a company or when a statutory event triggers the need to wind it up. From that moment, the entity continues to exist for limited purposes connected with closing its business, not with pursuing new commercial objectives. Its assets, liabilities, contracts, tax position, employment matters, and corporate records must be reviewed and managed carefully. The process is usually conducted by liquidators, who replace or supplement the management body depending on the legal framework. Although liquidation is often associated with financial distress, the two are not identical. A solvent company may be liquidated because its shareholders decide to end the business, reorganise a group structure, or close a completed venture. By contrast, an insolvent entity may require a different route, including bankruptcy, administration, or restructuring, if it cannot meet its obligations as they fall due or is otherwise insolvent under applicable law. For that reason, the legal qualification of the situation is important from the outset. What does liquidation... --- - Published: 2026-04-03 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/enforcement-proceedings/ - Tags: English - Litery: E Enforcement proceedings What are enforcement proceedings? Enforcement proceedings are legal measures used to compel a debtor to satisfy an obligation that has already been confirmed by an enforceable title. In practice, this usually means the creditor has obtained a court judgment, payment order, settlement approved by a court, notarial deed with submission to enforcement, or another document that may serve as a basis for compulsory enforcement under applicable law. The purpose of enforcement is not to determine whether a claim exists, but to secure its actual performance. In the Polish legal system, enforcement proceedings are generally conducted by a court enforcement officer acting within the framework set by the Code of Civil Procedure and supervised by the competent court. Depending on the type of claim and the debtor’s assets, enforcement may concern bank accounts, remuneration, receivables, movable property, real estate, or other property rights. The proceedings may also be used to enforce non-monetary obligations, although the available measures differ from those applied to the recovery of money. Enforcement proceedings play an important role in legal and commercial practice because a favourable judgment does not automatically result in payment or performance. Where the debtor does not comply voluntarily, enforcement becomes the mechanism that turns a formally recognised claim into actual recovery. For that reason, effective enforcement is often a critical stage of dispute resolution, debt recovery, and risk management for both private individuals and businesses. What do enforcement proceedings involve? From a practical perspective, enforcement proceedings begin when the creditor files... --- - Published: 2026-04-02 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/mediation/ - Tags: English - Litery: M Mediation What is mediation? Mediation is a structured method of resolving a dispute with the assistance of a neutral third party - the mediator. The mediator does not impose a decision and does not act as a judge or arbitrator. Instead, the mediator helps the parties identify the issues in dispute, clarify their positions, improve communication, and work toward a voluntary settlement that both sides can accept. In legal practice, mediation is used in both private and commercial matters. It may concern civil disputes, business conflicts, employment matters, family issues, consumer cases, and selected criminal matters where the law permits restorative solutions. Depending on the applicable rules, mediation can take place before court proceedings, during litigation, or after proceedings have been initiated. The key feature of mediation is party autonomy. The parties retain control over the outcome, unlike in court litigation where the decision is made by the court. Mediation is also generally confidential, which can be important where the dispute involves sensitive business information, reputational concerns, or an ongoing commercial relationship that the parties want to preserve. How does mediation work in practice? Mediation usually begins when the parties agree to attempt settlement or when a court refers them to mediation under the applicable procedural framework. The mediator then organises the process, explains its ground rules, and conducts joint sessions or separate meetings with each party. The objective is not only to narrow the dispute, but also to explore practical solutions that may not be available through a court... --- - Published: 2026-04-02 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/double-taxation-treaty/ - Tags: English - Litery: D Double taxation treaty What is a double taxation treaty? A double taxation treaty, also called a double tax agreement or tax treaty, is an international agreement between two states that sets rules for the taxation of income, profits, and in some cases capital or wealth where the same taxpayer has links to both jurisdictions. Its main purpose is to prevent the same income from being taxed twice in full by two different countries and to reduce uncertainty in cross-border business and private affairs. In practice, a double taxation treaty allocates taxing rights between the contracting states. It determines, for example, which country may tax business profits, employment income, dividends, interest, royalties, or gains from the sale of assets. It also typically defines key concepts such as tax residence and permanent establishment, which are essential for determining how treaty protection applies in a specific case. These treaties do not usually eliminate tax in every situation. Instead, they provide legal mechanisms to avoid double taxation, most commonly through the exemption method or the credit method. Many treaties are based in whole or in part on the OECD Model Tax Convention or the UN Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries, although the wording and effect of each treaty depend on the final text agreed by the states concerned. How does a double taxation treaty work in practice? A treaty operates by coordinating domestic tax systems. Domestic tax law remains the starting point, but where a treaty applies, it may limit... --- - Published: 2026-04-01 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/recognition-of-foreign-judgments/ - Tags: English - Litery: R Recognition of foreign judgments What is recognition of foreign judgments? Recognition of foreign judgments is the legal process through which a court decision issued in one country is acknowledged as valid and capable of producing legal effects in another country. In practice, this means that a judgment delivered abroad may be relied on in Poland, or a Polish judgment may be recognised in another jurisdiction, provided that the applicable legal conditions are met. Recognition does not always mean direct enforcement. In many cases, recognition confirms that the foreign judgment is legally effective - for example, that it settles a dispute, establishes a status, or confirms a right or obligation. If a party also wants to compel performance, such as payment of money or delivery of property, separate rules on enforcement may apply. The distinction between recognition and enforcement is important because some judgments may be recognised without being immediately enforceable. The rules depend primarily on the country where the judgment was issued, the type of case, and the legal instrument governing cross-border recognition. Within the European Union, many civil and commercial judgments are recognised under uniform regulations. In matters involving non-EU states, recognition often depends on bilateral treaties, multilateral conventions, or national procedural law. As a result, the same type of foreign judgment may be treated differently depending on its origin and subject matter. What does recognition of foreign judgments involve? In practical terms, recognition of foreign judgments involves verifying whether the foreign decision satisfies the requirements of the legal... --- - Published: 2026-04-01 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/fdi-screening/ - Tags: English - Litery: F FDI screening What is FDI screening? FDI screening is a legal and regulatory review of foreign direct investment carried out to assess whether a planned transaction may affect security or public order in a given state. In the European context, the term is usually linked to Regulation (EU) 2019/452, which created a framework for cooperation between Member States and the European Commission in relation to foreign direct investments into the Union. The Regulation does not establish one uniform EU approval system. Instead, it allows Member States to maintain or adopt their own national screening mechanisms and sets rules for information exchange and cooperation. In practice, FDI screening most often concerns investments made by foreign investors in companies operating in sensitive sectors. Depending on the jurisdiction, this may include areas such as critical infrastructure, energy, defence, transport, data processing, media, healthcare, advanced technologies, semiconductors, artificial intelligence, robotics, cybersecurity or food security. The scope of review, the sectors covered and the triggering thresholds differ from country to country, which means that the same transaction may require notification in one state but not in another. From a legal and transactional perspective, FDI screening is an additional layer of deal control alongside merger control, sectoral licensing and corporate approvals. It may apply to acquisitions of shares, assets or control rights, as well as to certain minority investments if they provide access to sensitive information or influence over strategic decisions. Where the rules apply, the investor may need to notify the transaction before closing and... --- - Published: 2026-03-29 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/management-contract-b2b/ - Tags: English - Litery: M Management contract (B2B) What is a management contract? A management contract in a B2B setting is an agreement under which a natural person, usually a manager or executive, undertakes to provide management services to a company as an independent contractor rather than as an employee. In practice, this model is often used for management board members, directors, interim managers, and senior executives who perform strategic, organisational, and supervisory tasks for a business. Under Polish practice, a management contract is not regulated as one separate named contract in the Civil Code. It is usually treated as an unnamed contract based on the principle of freedom of contract, with relevant provisions of civil law applied depending on the contract structure. In some cases, it resembles a mandate agreement, but its actual legal classification depends on the wording of the agreement, the scope of duties, the level of independence, and the way the relationship is performed in practice. The key feature of a B2B management contract is that the manager does not perform work as an employee subordinated in the labour law sense. Instead, the manager typically acts with greater autonomy, assumes broader responsibility for business decisions, and may invoice the company through a sole proprietorship or other business vehicle, subject to the applicable tax and social security rules. This distinction may affect taxation, social security contributions, liability rules, confidentiality obligations, non-compete arrangements, and the risk of reclassification of the relationship. What does a manager do under a management contract? The scope of... --- - Published: 2026-03-28 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/value-added-tax-vat/ - Tags: English - Litery: V Value added tax (VAT) What is value added tax (VAT)? Value added tax (VAT) is a general consumption tax charged on the supply of goods and services. In practice, it is collected at each stage of the supply chain, but the economic burden is usually borne by the final consumer. Businesses that are registered for VAT generally charge output VAT on their sales and, subject to statutory conditions, deduct input VAT incurred on purchases used for taxable business activity. Within the European Union, VAT is regulated at both EU and national level. The main framework is set out in Council Directive 2006/112/EC on the common system of value added tax. In Poland, the key domestic act is the Act of 11 March 2004 on tax on goods and services. Although the system is harmonised across the EU, important practical issues - including rates, exemptions, reporting obligations and administrative practice - are governed by national law and may differ between jurisdictions. From a legal and business perspective, VAT is not limited to adding tax to an invoice. It affects pricing, contract drafting, cash flow, cross-border transactions, invoicing rules, reporting, and the risk of tax disputes. Correct VAT treatment depends on a range of factors, including the nature of the transaction, the place of supply, the status of the customer, the applicable rate, and whether an exemption or reverse charge mechanism applies. What does VAT cover in practice? VAT typically applies to the supply of goods, the supply of services, intra-EU acquisitions,... --- - Published: 2026-03-28 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/national-court-register-krs/ - Tags: English - Litery: N National Court Register (KRS) What is the National Court Register (KRS)? The National Court Register, in Polish Krajowy Rejestr Sądowy - KRS, is a public register maintained by selected commercial divisions of district courts in Poland. It is governed primarily by the Act on the National Court Register of 20 August 1997 and operates as one of the central sources of verified information on certain legal entities, organisational units, and insolvency-related data. In practice, KRS plays a key role in legal and business transactions because it allows third parties to confirm the legal existence, representation rules, status, and selected corporate data of registered entities. KRS is particularly important for companies, foundations, associations, and other entities that are required to disclose their basic legal and organisational information. The register supports transparency in commerce by making essential data publicly accessible. This helps counterparties, investors, creditors, contracting authorities, and public institutions assess who they are dealing with and whether a given entity is properly represented. From a legal perspective, an entry in KRS may have different effects depending on the type of information involved. In some cases, the entry is constitutive, meaning that a legal effect arises only upon registration. In other cases, the entry is declaratory, meaning that it confirms a legal state that already exists. This distinction matters, for example, in company formation, amendments to corporate data, or the appointment of corporate bodies. Because of these consequences, KRS is not only an administrative database but also an instrument with direct legal... --- - Published: 2026-03-27 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/joint-stock-company-s-a/ - Tags: English - Litery: J Joint-stock company (S. A. ) What is a joint-stock company? A joint-stock company, in Poland referred to as a spółka akcyjna or S. A. , is a capital company designed mainly for larger business projects, ventures requiring substantial financing, and structures involving multiple investors. It is a separate legal entity, which means that the company itself - not its shareholders - acquires rights, incurs obligations, enters into contracts, and may sue or be sued. Its legal framework is regulated primarily by the Polish Commercial Companies Code. The share capital of a joint-stock company is divided into shares. As a rule, shareholders are not personally liable for the company’s obligations. Their economic risk is generally limited to the value of their contribution made in exchange for shares. This feature makes the S. A. structure particularly relevant where capital raising, ownership separation, and long-term corporate governance are important. Under Polish law, the minimum share capital of a joint-stock company is PLN 100,000, while the nominal value of one share may not be lower than PLN 0. 01. These parameters result from the Commercial Companies Code. In practice, an S. A. is often used by businesses planning expansion, bringing in external investors, implementing incentive schemes, or considering a stock exchange listing, although public listing is not required for this legal form. What does a joint-stock company do in practice? A joint-stock company is not defined by the type of business it performs, but by the legal form in which that business is conducted.... --- - Published: 2026-03-26 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/due-diligence/ - Tags: English - Litery: D Due diligence What is due diligence? Due diligence is a structured review of a company, asset, project, or transaction before a key decision is made. In legal and business practice, it usually means verifying facts, documents, risks, liabilities, and compliance issues before acquiring shares, purchasing assets, entering into an investment, financing a venture, or starting a strategic cooperation. Its purpose is not limited to collecting information. It is intended to identify material legal, financial, tax, operational, and regulatory risks so that a party can assess whether the transaction should proceed, on what terms, and with what safeguards. In practice, due diligence is most often associated with mergers and acquisitions, private equity transactions, real estate deals, and corporate reorganisations. However, the concept is broader. A lender may conduct due diligence before granting financing. An investor may review a target company before taking an equity stake. A buyer may examine contracts, permits, litigation exposure, intellectual property rights, employment matters, or environmental issues before signing transaction documents. The exact scope depends on the nature of the transaction, the sector, the risk profile, and the time available for review. From a legal perspective, due diligence supports informed decision-making and risk allocation. It helps determine whether the seller's statements are complete, whether the target operates in compliance with applicable law, whether key rights are properly documented, and whether hidden liabilities may arise after closing. The findings often affect price negotiations, representations and warranties, indemnities, conditions precedent, disclosure schedules, and post-closing obligations. What does due diligence... --- - Published: 2026-03-26 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/apostille/ - Tags: English - Litery: A Apostille What is an apostille? An apostille is a formal certificate used to confirm the authenticity of a public document so that it can be accepted in another country. It operates under the Hague Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents. In practice, an apostille simplifies cross-border use of documents by replacing the longer legalisation procedure that would otherwise require multiple official confirmations. The apostille does not verify whether the content of a document is true or legally correct. Its function is narrower. It certifies the authenticity of the signature, the capacity in which the person signing the document acted and, where applicable, the identity of the seal or stamp on the document. This follows directly from Article 5 of the Hague Convention: the certificate verifies the authenticity of the signature, the capacity in which the person signing the document has acted and, where appropriate, the identity of the seal or stamp which it bears. In legal and business practice, an apostille is commonly required when a document issued in one state is to be presented to authorities, courts, universities, banks, notaries or commercial counterparties in another state that is also a party to the Convention. Typical examples include civil status records, powers of attorney, court documents, company registry extracts, notarised corporate resolutions and diplomas. How does apostille work in practice? The apostille is issued by a competent authority designated by the state from which the document originates. The exact authority depends on... --- - Published: 2026-03-26 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/sole-proprietorship/ - Tags: English - Litery: S Sole proprietorship What is a sole proprietorship? A sole proprietorship is one of the simplest forms of doing business. It is typically operated by one individual in their own name or under a registered business name. In legal and practical terms, the business is closely tied to the owner. This means the entrepreneur usually makes decisions personally, manages day-to-day operations, enters into contracts, and bears the economic risk connected with the activity. In many jurisdictions, a sole proprietorship is not treated as a separate legal person distinct from its owner. As a result, the rights and obligations connected with the business often directly affect the individual running it. This has important consequences for liability, taxation, accounting, succession, and the way the business is financed or transferred. For many small businesses, freelancers, consultants, and self-employed professionals, a sole proprietorship can be an accessible way to start commercial activity. It usually involves fewer formalities than some corporate structures, but its simplicity should not be confused with a lack of legal risk. The choice of this form of business should be assessed in light of the planned scale of operations, contractual exposure, regulatory duties, and personal asset protection. What does a sole proprietorship involve in practice? In practice, a sole proprietorship is commonly used for local trade, professional services, construction work, consultancy, IT services, transport, and many other forms of independent business activity. The owner may hire employees, conclude commercial contracts, lease premises, purchase equipment, issue invoices, and participate in court or administrative... --- - Published: 2026-03-25 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/simple-joint-stock-company-p-s-a/ - Tags: English - Litery: S Simple joint-stock company (P. S. A. ) What is a simple joint-stock company? A simple joint-stock company, in Polish prosta spółka akcyjna or P. S. A. , is a Polish corporate form designed primarily for flexible business ventures, including start-ups, innovation-driven projects and businesses that expect changes in investor structure over time. It was introduced into the Polish Commercial Companies Code and has been available since 1 July 2021. Its legal basis is set out in the Commercial Companies Code. The P. S. A. combines selected features of a limited liability company and a joint-stock company, while removing some of the formal burdens associated with traditional corporate structures. It is a capital company, which means it has legal personality and exists separately from its shareholders. As a rule, shareholders are not personally liable for the company’s obligations. One of the key features of a P. S. A. is its high degree of organisational flexibility. It may be formed by one or more persons, unless the sole founder is a single-member limited liability company. The minimum share capital is PLN 1, which distinguishes it from more traditional capital companies in Poland. This amount results directly from the Commercial Companies Code. At the same time, the P. S. A. is based not only on cash contributions, but also on non-cash contributions, including work or services, although contributions in the form of work or services do not form part of the share capital. How does a simple joint-stock company operate? The P. S.... --- - Published: 2026-03-24 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/work-permit/ - Tags: English - Litery: W Work permit What is a work permit? A work permit is an official authorization that allows a foreign national to perform work legally in a given country. In practice, it is one of the key legal instruments used to regulate access to the labour market by non-citizens. The exact rules depend on the jurisdiction, but in most systems a work permit confirms that a foreign employee may be employed by a specific employer, in a specific role, under defined conditions and, in many cases, for a limited period. In the Polish legal framework, a work permit is generally required when a foreigner who is not exempt under statutory provisions intends to work in Poland. The permit is usually connected to the employer, the type of work performed, the position, remuneration and the legal basis of employment. This means that a work permit is not a universal document allowing unrestricted work for any company. As a rule, it covers the employment arrangement described in the application and in the administrative decision. A work permit should be distinguished from other immigration and employment documents. It is not the same as a visa, residence permit or document confirming identity. In many cases, a foreign national needs more than one legal basis to stay and work lawfully - for example, a valid residence title combined with a work authorization, unless a specific exemption applies. For that reason, work permit matters often require combined analysis of employment law, immigration law and administrative procedure. What does... --- - Published: 2026-03-23 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/articles-of-association/ - Tags: English - Litery: A Articles of association What are articles of association? Articles of association are the internal constitutional rules of a company. They set out how the company is organised, how decisions are made, what powers its governing bodies have, and what rights and duties apply to shareholders or members. In practice, they are one of the core documents that define how a company operates beyond the basic requirements imposed by statute. The exact function of articles of association depends on the legal system and the company form. In common law jurisdictions, the term usually refers to the company’s internal rulebook adopted on incorporation and binding on the company and its members. In many civil law systems, a similar role is performed by the company deed, statute, articles, or other constitutional document. Although terminology differs, the practical purpose is comparable - to regulate the company’s internal governance and its decision-making framework. Articles of association usually work alongside mandatory provisions of company law. This means they cannot freely override statutory rules in every area. Instead, they typically supplement the law, specify default mechanisms, and adapt the corporate structure to the needs of a particular business. For that reason, properly drafted articles are important both at the incorporation stage and during later development, investment rounds, restructuring, or ownership changes. What do articles of association regulate? Articles of association commonly regulate the most important issues relating to the life of the company. Depending on the applicable law and corporate form, they may cover in particular: the... --- - Published: 2026-03-22 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/employee-stock-option-plan-esop/ - Tags: English - Litery: E Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) What is an Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP)? An Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) is a legal and corporate mechanism under which a company grants selected employees, managers, or other collaborators the right to acquire shares in the company in the future, usually on predefined terms. In practice, an ESOP is used to connect remuneration with the long-term growth of the business and to align the interests of the team with those of the founders and investors. Although the term ESOP is widely used in business practice, it may describe different structures depending on the jurisdiction, the company’s corporate form, the stage of financing, and the tax model adopted. In some cases, participants receive options to acquire shares directly. In other cases, the plan is based on warrants, phantom shares, stock appreciation rights, or other instruments designed to replicate the economic value of equity without transferring actual shares at the outset. From a legal perspective, an ESOP is not only a compensation tool but also a set of corporate, contractual, tax, and regulatory arrangements. A properly designed plan should define who may participate, what rights are granted, under what conditions options vest, when they may be exercised, what happens in the event of dismissal or resignation, and how the plan interacts with the company’s constitutional documents, shareholder arrangements, and financing documentation. How does an ESOP work in practice? In a typical ESOP, a participant does not become a shareholder immediately. First, the company grants an... --- - Published: 2026-03-21 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/notarial-deed/ - Tags: English - Litery: N Notarial deed What is a notarial deed? A notarial deed is a formal legal instrument prepared by a notary in the form required by law. It records a declaration of intent, a legal transaction, or another legally relevant act in an official document drafted and certified by a person vested with public authority. In practice, a notarial deed is used where legislation requires a stricter form than an ordinary written agreement or where the parties want stronger evidentiary value and greater legal certainty. The notary does not act as one party’s representative. The notary’s role is to ensure that the deed complies with mandatory legal requirements, properly reflects the parties’ statements, and is made by persons whose identity and capacity have been verified. The notary also explains the legal consequences of the act and records it in a form intended to reduce ambiguity and future disputes. Depending on the jurisdiction and the type of transaction, a notarial deed may be necessary for the validity of the act itself, for registration purposes, or for evidentiary reasons. In many legal systems, including those based on civil law traditions, notarial deeds are commonly used in property transactions, company matters, inheritance arrangements, powers of attorney, and certain matrimonial property agreements. What does a notarial deed cover? A notarial deed may document a wide range of legal acts. A common example is the transfer of ownership of real estate, where the law often requires notarisation as a condition of validity or registration. It may also... --- - Published: 2026-03-21 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/joint-venture/ - Tags: English - Litery: J Joint Venture What is a joint venture? A joint venture is a business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to cooperate on a specific commercial project, investment, or line of business. The parties usually combine selected resources, such as capital, know-how, technology, distribution channels, personnel, or market access, while keeping their separate legal and economic identities outside the agreed project. In practice, a joint venture is used when one party cannot efficiently achieve a business objective alone or when cooperation reduces operational, regulatory, or financial barriers. A joint venture may take different legal forms. In some cases, the parties establish a separate company and regulate their relationship through corporate documents and a joint venture agreement. In other cases, they cooperate only on a contractual basis, without creating a new entity. The appropriate structure depends on the purpose of the project, the expected duration of cooperation, tax considerations, financing model, liability allocation, and the regulatory environment in which the venture will operate. From a legal and commercial perspective, a joint venture is not a single uniform institution governed by one universal set of rules. Its content is shaped mainly by contract, company law, competition law, tax law, intellectual property rules, employment issues, and sector-specific regulations. For that reason, the same term may describe very different structures, ranging from a strategic long-term industrial partnership to a limited cooperation formed only for one transaction or one development project. How does a joint venture operate in practice? In practice, a joint venture... --- - Published: 2026-03-17 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/representative-office/ - Tags: English - Litery: R Representative office What is a representative office? A representative office is a form of presence used by a foreign entrepreneur to operate in another country on a limited basis. In practice, it is not a separate company and it does not usually conduct full commercial activity in its own name. Its main purpose is to represent the foreign business, promote its operations, build market visibility, and support communication with local partners, clients, or authorities. In many legal systems, including Poland, a representative office is treated as a structure with a narrower function than a branch or subsidiary. This distinction is important. A branch may often carry out business activity within the scope of the parent entity’s operations, while a representative office is generally limited to activities of an informational, promotional, or liaison nature. The exact scope depends on applicable national law and regulatory practice. From a legal and business perspective, a representative office may be useful for testing a market before a larger expansion. It allows a foreign entity to establish an official local presence without immediately creating a separate company. At the same time, this structure has clear legal limits. If the office starts performing activities reserved for a branch or a company, the foreign entrepreneur may face registration, tax, regulatory, or compliance risks. What does a representative office do? A representative office typically supports the foreign parent entity in non-commercial functions. These may include presenting the company’s offer, maintaining business contacts, gathering information about the local market, coordinating... --- - Published: 2026-03-15 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/regon-number/ - Tags: English - Litery: R REGON number What is a REGON number? A REGON number is a statistical identification number assigned in Poland to entities entered in the official register of the national economy maintained by Statistics Poland - Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS). Its legal basis is primarily the Act of 29 June 1995 on Official Statistics and executive regulations governing the register. In practice, the REGON number is used to identify businesses, organisations and certain other entities for statistical, administrative and record-keeping purposes. The REGON register covers, among others, sole traders, commercial companies, partnerships, foundations, associations, public entities and organisational units that carry out activity requiring registration. Depending on the type of entity, a REGON number may have 9 digits or, for local units, 14 digits. The number itself does not determine legal status, representation rules or tax position. Its function is identification within public registers and data exchange between authorities and institutions. For entrepreneurs operating in Poland, the REGON number is one of the basic registration identifiers, alongside, for example, the tax identification number - NIP - and, where applicable, the number in the National Court Register - KRS. These identifiers serve different purposes. REGON is primarily linked to the statistical register, NIP to tax matters, and KRS to court registration for entities subject to entry in that register. Confusing these numbers may lead to filing errors, incorrect documentation or delays in administrative procedures. What is a REGON number used for? In practice, a REGON number is used in dealings with public administration,... --- - Published: 2026-03-15 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/data-protection/ - Tags: English - Litery: D Data Protection What is data protection? Data protection is the legal and organisational framework used to ensure that personal data is collected, used, stored, shared and deleted in a lawful, secure and transparent manner. In the European Union, the main legal basis is Regulation (EU) 2016/679, known as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Under Article 4(1) GDPR, personal data means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. Data protection therefore concerns information that can directly or indirectly point to a specific individual, such as a name, identification number, location data, online identifier or factors linked to physical, economic or social identity. In practice, data protection is not limited to privacy notices or internal policies. It covers the full lifecycle of personal data within an organisation. This includes determining the legal basis for processing, defining the purpose and scope of data use, implementing security measures, managing access, responding to data subject requests, retaining data only for as long as necessary and reporting personal data breaches where required. The GDPR sets out key principles in Article 5, including lawfulness, fairness, transparency, purpose limitation, data minimisation, accuracy, storage limitation, integrity and confidentiality, and accountability. Data protection also requires businesses and institutions to demonstrate compliance, not only to declare it. Depending on the type of processing, this may involve records of processing activities, data processing agreements, transfer mechanisms for international data transfers, data protection impact assessments and procedures for handling incidents. In some cases, organisations must appoint a data protection... --- - Published: 2026-03-15 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/supervisory-board/ - Tags: English - Litery: S Supervisory board What is a supervisory board? A supervisory board is a corporate body responsible for oversight of a company’s activities, with particular focus on management performance, compliance, financial condition, and protection of the company’s and shareholders’ interests. In companies that use a two-tier governance model, the supervisory board is separate from the management board. Its role is not to conduct the day-to-day business of the company, but to monitor, assess, and, where required, react to how the company is managed. In practice, the supervisory board acts as an internal control and governance mechanism. It reviews whether management decisions are lawful, aligned with the company’s strategy, and consistent with the interests of the company. Depending on the legal form of the entity and the applicable corporate rules, the supervisory board may also have powers to approve selected transactions, evaluate financial statements, review reports, appoint or dismiss members of the management board, or bring certain issues before shareholders. The exact position and powers of a supervisory board depend on the applicable jurisdiction, the company’s constitutional documents, and mandatory corporate law rules. In many legal systems, including continental European frameworks, the supervisory board plays a central role in corporate governance, especially in larger companies and regulated sectors. Its function is particularly important where ownership and management are separated, as effective supervision reduces governance risk and supports accountability. What does a supervisory board do? The supervisory board’s core task is oversight. This usually includes reviewing management board actions, assessing financial and operational reporting,... --- - Published: 2026-03-13 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/withholding-tax-wht/ - Tags: English - Litery: W Withholding tax (WHT) What is withholding tax? Withholding tax - usually abbreviated as WHT - is a mechanism under which the payer of certain income is required to collect tax at source and remit it to the tax authority before the payment reaches the recipient in full. In cross-border transactions, this model is commonly used for passive income such as dividends, interest, royalties and, in some jurisdictions, selected service payments. In Poland, withholding tax rules are particularly relevant where a Polish entity pays specified amounts to a non-resident. From a legal and practical perspective, WHT is not a separate category of tax in every case, but a method of tax collection. Its purpose is to secure tax revenue at the moment of payment and to allocate compliance duties to the remitting entity. This means that the payer must often determine whether tax should be withheld, at what rate, whether a reduced treaty rate or exemption is available, and what documentation is required to support that treatment. In the Polish system, withholding tax is governed mainly by the Corporate Income Tax Act, the Personal Income Tax Act and the applicable double tax treaties. The final tax burden may depend on several factors, including the legal status and tax residence of the recipient, the type of payment, beneficial ownership, due diligence exercised by the payer, and whether domestic exemption conditions are met. In practice, WHT analysis frequently combines domestic tax law, treaty interpretation and EU law concepts. How does withholding tax work... --- - Published: 2026-03-12 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/management-board/ - Tags: English - Litery: M Management board What is a management board? A management board is the body responsible for managing the affairs of a company and representing it in dealings with third parties. In practice, it is the executive organ that makes day-to-day and strategic decisions, signs contracts, oversees operations, and acts on behalf of the company within the scope set by law, the articles of association, and internal corporate rules. In Polish corporate practice, the term is most commonly used in relation to capital companies, including a limited liability company and a joint-stock company. The management board may consist of one or more members. Its composition, method of appointment, and rules of representation usually follow the applicable corporate regulations and the company’s constitutional documents. Although the board manages the company, its powers may coexist with the competences of other corporate bodies, such as shareholders, the supervisory board, or the general meeting. The management board has both organisational and legal significance. Organisationally, it directs the company’s business. Legally, it serves as the company’s representative, which means that actions taken by board members within their authority are attributed to the company itself. This role also involves fiduciary duties, compliance obligations, and, in some situations, personal liability for improper management or failure to meet statutory duties. What does a management board do? The management board handles the company’s ongoing business and implements its operational and strategic objectives. Its tasks often include entering into commercial agreements, managing employees and external advisers, supervising finance and reporting, ensuring regulatory... --- - Published: 2026-03-12 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/criminal-record/ - Tags: English - Litery: C Criminal Record What is a criminal record? A criminal record is information held by competent public authorities about a person’s criminal convictions and, depending on the legal system, sometimes also about other criminal law measures or restrictions resulting from criminal judgments. In practice, the term is often used to describe an official register that confirms whether a person has been convicted of an offence and whether such conviction remains legally relevant. In Poland, information on convictions is connected in particular with the National Criminal Register. Data entered into the register may be relevant in employment processes, licensing procedures, immigration matters, court proceedings, public procurement, regulated professions, and situations where a person must prove no prior conviction. A criminal record is therefore not only a criminal law issue, but also a matter that may affect civil, administrative, and professional status. It is important to distinguish between a conviction itself and the broader practical consequences of a criminal record. A final judgment may lead to entry in the relevant register, but the legal effects of that entry depend on the type of offence, the sentence imposed, the passage of time, and whether the conviction has been expunged. In some cases, a person may remain formally convicted for a period even after the sentence has been served. What does a criminal record include? The scope of information included in a criminal record depends on the applicable national rules. Typically, it may concern final convictions for criminal offences, fiscal offences, or other penal measures... --- - Published: 2026-03-12 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/contract-law/ - Tags: English - Litery: C Contract Law What is contract law? Contract law is the area of law that governs agreements creating legally binding obligations between parties. It explains when an arrangement becomes enforceable, what rights and duties arise from it, how contracts should be interpreted, and what remedies may be available if one party fails to perform. In practice, contract law affects both everyday transactions and complex commercial relationships, from supply agreements and service contracts to shareholder arrangements, licensing, construction projects, and settlement terms. At its core, contract law deals with the formation, performance, amendment, and termination of contracts. It addresses issues such as offer and acceptance, authority to enter into an agreement, consideration or another legal basis depending on the legal system, contractual intent, legality of terms, and compliance with mandatory rules. It also covers defects in consent, including misrepresentation, mistake, duress, or fraud, as well as the consequences of unclear drafting or unfair provisions. In business practice, contract law plays a central role in allocating risk, defining responsibilities, protecting commercial expectations, and reducing uncertainty. A properly drafted contract can help parties prevent disputes before they arise. If a dispute does occur, contract law provides the framework for assessing breach, causation, loss, limitation of liability, termination rights, and available claims. What does contract law cover? Contract law applies to a wide range of legal and commercial matters. It is relevant whenever parties need to document the terms of cooperation, transfer rights, regulate payments, protect confidential information, define service levels, or establish liability rules.... --- - Published: 2026-03-11 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/subsidiary/ - Tags: English - Litery: S Subsidiary What is a subsidiary? A subsidiary is a company that is controlled by another company, usually referred to as the parent company. In practice, control most often results from holding a majority of voting rights or shares, but it may also arise through contractual arrangements or other mechanisms that allow the parent to influence key decisions. A subsidiary remains a separate legal entity, even if it forms part of a larger corporate group. This distinction is important in legal and business practice. A subsidiary can enter into contracts, employ staff, hold assets, incur liabilities, and conduct operations in its own name. At the same time, its strategic direction may be shaped by the parent company. Depending on the jurisdiction and the structure of the group, the extent of that control may affect reporting duties, governance, regulatory exposure, and liability risks. In corporate law, accounting, tax, and compliance contexts, the concept of a subsidiary is used to assess who controls a business and how group relationships should be treated. The legal meaning of control may differ depending on the applicable rules. For example, company law, financial reporting standards, competition law, and tax regulations may apply different tests or thresholds. For that reason, identifying whether a company qualifies as a subsidiary is not always limited to checking share percentages alone. What does a subsidiary do in practice? A subsidiary may be used to operate a specific line of business, hold assets, manage local activities in another country, separate risk, or support... --- - Published: 2026-03-11 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/permanent-establishment/ - Tags: English - Litery: P Permanent Establishment What is a permanent establishment? A permanent establishment is a concept used in international tax law to determine whether a business operating across borders has a sufficient taxable presence in another country. In practice, it helps identify when a foreign enterprise may become subject to corporate income tax in the state where its business activities are carried out, even if the enterprise is formally incorporated elsewhere. The term is not defined in exactly the same way in every legal system, but it is commonly based on domestic tax rules, bilateral double tax treaties, and internationally recognised standards, including the OECD Model Tax Convention and its Commentary. A typical starting point is the existence of a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. Depending on the applicable rules, a permanent establishment may also arise through a dependent agent who habitually concludes contracts or plays the principal role leading to their conclusion. The concept is important because it allocates taxing rights between states. If a permanent establishment exists, the state where it is located may generally tax the profits attributable to that establishment. If no permanent establishment exists, taxation of business profits may in many cases remain only in the state of residence of the enterprise, subject to the specific wording of the relevant treaty and domestic law. How does a permanent establishment arise? A permanent establishment may arise in several common situations. The classic example is a branch, office,... --- - Published: 2026-03-10 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/management-board-liability/ - Tags: English - Litery: M Management Board Liability What is management board liability? Management board liability refers to the legal responsibility borne by members of a company’s management board for the way they perform their duties, make decisions, represent the company, and protect its interests. In practice, it concerns situations in which a board member may be held accountable for damage caused to the company, its creditors, shareholders, public authorities, or, in some cases, third parties. The scope of that liability depends on the company’s legal form, the applicable statutory framework, the company’s internal rules, and the factual circumstances of the case. In Polish corporate practice, management board liability is particularly important in limited liability companies and joint-stock companies. Board members are expected to act with loyalty and diligence, and within the limits of law and the company’s constitutional documents. Their role is not limited to day-to-day business management. It also includes risk assessment, supervision over key processes, compliance with reporting and filing obligations, proper financial oversight, and reacting to signs of insolvency or internal irregularities. Failure in these areas may lead to civil, corporate, tax, administrative, or even criminal exposure. Liability does not arise solely because a business decision turned out to be commercially unsuccessful. As a rule, the assessment focuses on whether the board member acted lawfully, carefully, in an informed manner, and in the company’s interest. A distinction is often made between acceptable business risk and misconduct, neglect, conflict of interest, breach of duties, or failure to act where action was required.... --- - Published: 2026-03-10 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/memorandum-of-understanding/ - Tags: English - Litery: M Memorandum of Understanding What is a memorandum of understanding? A memorandum of understanding, often referred to as an MOU, is a document used to record the key terms of cooperation between two or more parties before they enter into a final contract or begin a joint project. In practice, it sets out the parties’ common intentions, the main assumptions of their relationship, and the framework for further negotiations or implementation. Depending on its wording and the governing law, an MOU may be legally non-binding in whole or in part, or it may create binding obligations in selected areas, such as confidentiality, exclusivity, governing law, or dispute resolution. An MOU is commonly used in commercial transactions, corporate projects, strategic partnerships, investment processes, real estate matters, and international cooperation. It helps the parties confirm that they have reached an initial understanding on essential business and legal issues, even if some elements still require further negotiation. For that reason, an MOU is often treated as a preliminary stage in a broader transaction structure, especially where the parties need to organise negotiations, allocate responsibilities, or document the basis for due diligence and future agreements. Although the term is widely used in business practice, there is no single universal legal meaning of an MOU. In some legal systems and market practices, it is viewed mainly as a statement of intent. In others, courts may assess its binding effect by examining the actual content of the document, the language used, the level of detail, and the... --- - Published: 2026-03-10 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/letter-of-intent/ - Tags: English - Litery: L Letter of intent What is a letter of intent? A letter of intent is a document used at the preliminary stage of negotiations to record the parties’ current intentions regarding a planned transaction, cooperation, investment, or other legal relationship. In practice, it sets out the key assumptions already discussed, identifies the main business objectives, and helps organise the next steps before the parties decide whether to enter into a final agreement. A letter of intent is commonly used in M&A transactions, real estate projects, commercial cooperation, financing arrangements, and strategic partnerships. Depending on how it is drafted, it may serve mainly as a framework for further talks or contain selected provisions that are intended to be legally binding, such as confidentiality, exclusivity, cost allocation, or governing law. For that reason, its legal effects should always be assessed on the basis of its wording, structure, and the surrounding circumstances. Although a letter of intent is often treated as a non-binding document, this is not always the case. Under many legal systems, including contract law principles applied in cross-border practice, the title of the document is less important than its substance. If the parties include sufficiently precise obligations or use language showing a clear intention to be bound, parts of the letter of intent may produce legal consequences. There may also be liability connected with bad-faith negotiations, breach of confidentiality, or unjustified withdrawal from arrangements where the other party reasonably relied on them. What does a letter of intent cover? In practical... --- - Published: 2026-03-09 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/trademark-registration/ - Tags: English - Litery: T Trademark Registration What is trademark registration? Trademark registration is the formal process of obtaining legal protection for a sign used to distinguish the goods or services of one business from those of others. A trademark may take the form of a word, logo, slogan, figurative element, shape, colour combination or, in some systems, other non-traditional signs, provided that it is capable of distinguishing origin and can be represented in the required manner. Registration usually grants the owner an exclusive right to use the mark for the designated goods and services within the relevant territory. In practice, trademark registration is both a legal and commercial tool. It helps identify the source of products or services, supports brand recognition and gives the right holder a clearer basis to act against unauthorised use. Although some jurisdictions recognise limited unregistered rights, registration generally offers stronger and easier-to-enforce protection. The scope, duration and enforcement mechanisms depend on the applicable legal framework, including national law, EU law and international registration systems. A registered trademark is not an unrestricted monopoly over a word or symbol in the abstract. Protection is usually tied to the sign as registered, the classes of goods and services selected in the application, and the territory covered by the registration. Whether a sign can be registered depends on several factors, including distinctiveness, absence of conflict with earlier rights and compliance with absolute grounds for refusal, such as descriptiveness, deceptiveness or conflict with public policy. What does trademark registration involve? The registration process typically... --- - Published: 2026-03-07 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/mandate-contract/ - Tags: English - Litery: M Mandate contract What is a mandate contract? A mandate contract is a legal arrangement under which one party undertakes to perform a legal act or, in practice, certain activities on behalf of, or for the benefit of, another party. In Polish legal practice, this concept is usually associated with a civil law contract regulated by the Civil Code, most commonly used where one person or entity entrusts another with handling a specific matter, task, or series of activities. Depending on its structure, the contract may cover one-off actions or ongoing services. In practical terms, a mandate contract is often used when the parties want to define cooperation more flexibly than under an employment relationship. It may apply to advisory work, representation in certain matters, administrative support, or other activities requiring diligence rather than the achievement of a strictly defined result. This is an important distinction, because in many mandate-based relationships the obligated party is expected to act with due care, not necessarily to guarantee a particular outcome. The exact legal classification of a contract depends on its content rather than its title. In practice, an agreement labelled as a mandate contract may sometimes include elements of other contracts, such as a service contract or a contract for specific work. Under Polish law, provisions on mandate also apply accordingly to certain service contracts not regulated by other specific provisions. For this reason, proper drafting is important. The scope of duties, remuneration model, liability rules, termination rights, confidentiality obligations, and method of... --- - Published: 2026-03-07 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/power-of-attorney/ - Tags: English - Litery: P Power of attorney What is a power of attorney? A power of attorney is a legal instrument under which one person authorizes another person to act on their behalf in specified matters. In practice, it allows the appointed representative to perform legal or factual acts for the principal within the scope set out in the document or resulting from applicable law. Depending on the legal system and the purpose of the arrangement, a power of attorney may be general, specific, limited to a particular transaction, or broad enough to cover a range of ongoing affairs. The person granting the authority is commonly referred to as the principal, while the person receiving it is the attorney-in-fact or agent. The authority may relate to private matters, business operations, litigation, corporate governance, real estate transactions, employment matters, tax proceedings, or contacts with public authorities. The representative acts in the name and on behalf of the principal, which means that actions taken within the granted authority may produce direct legal effects for the principal. A power of attorney is an important risk-management and operational tool. It enables individuals and businesses to act efficiently when personal attendance is impractical, when specialist support is needed, or when internal decision-making requires formal delegation. At the same time, improperly drafted authority may lead to disputes over validity, scope, liability, or the effectiveness of transactions. For that reason, the wording, form, and scope of a power of attorney should be tailored to the intended use. What does a power... --- - Published: 2026-03-07 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/beneficial-owner-ubo-crbr/ - Tags: English - Litery: B Beneficial owner (UBO / CRBR) Who is a beneficial owner? A beneficial owner, often referred to as a UBO - Ultimate Beneficial Owner - is the natural person who ultimately owns or controls a company, organisation, or legal arrangement, or on whose behalf a transaction or activity is carried out. In Polish practice, this concept is closely linked to the Central Register of Beneficial Owners, known as the CRBR. The term is used primarily in anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing compliance. The key point is that the beneficial owner is not necessarily the person formally listed in a corporate register as a shareholder, director, or proxy. The assessment focuses on actual control and real economic interest. Depending on the ownership and governance structure, the beneficial owner may be a direct shareholder, an indirect shareholder acting through other entities, a person exercising control through voting rights or contractual arrangements, or, in some cases, a senior managing official if no individual meeting the ownership or control criteria can be identified and all possible means of identification have been exhausted. Under the AML framework applied in Poland and across the European Union, identifying the beneficial owner is part of customer due diligence. The purpose is to make corporate structures more transparent and reduce the risk of using companies or other entities to conceal illicit funds or obscure responsibility for transactions. In practice, the concept matters not only for regulated institutions but also for companies required to report data to the CRBR. What does... --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/legal-due-diligence/ - Tags: English - Litery: L Legal Due Diligence What is legal due diligence? Legal due diligence is a structured legal review carried out before a transaction, investment, restructuring, financing, or other significant business decision. Its purpose is to identify legal risks, verify the legal status of a business, assets, contracts, and corporate matters, and support informed decision-making. In practice, it allows a party to assess whether the target business operates in compliance with applicable law, whether its rights are properly documented, and whether there are liabilities or disputes that may affect the value or feasibility of the planned transaction. In transactional practice, legal due diligence is most often associated with mergers and acquisitions, share deals, asset deals, and investment rounds. However, it is also relevant in internal reorganisations, joint ventures, financing arrangements, and real estate projects. The scope of review depends on the type of transaction, the industry, the structure of the business, and the risk profile identified at the initial stage. A buyer, investor, lender, or business partner may use the findings to negotiate contractual protections, adjust price assumptions, request remedial actions, or decide not to proceed. Legal due diligence does not consist only of checking documents. It is an analytical process aimed at understanding how a business is organised, what legal exposures exist, and which issues are material from the perspective of the intended transaction. The review usually covers both formal legal status and practical legal functioning. For that reason, the outcome is not merely a list of documents, but a legal risk... --- - Published: 2026-03-05 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/termination-notice/ - Tags: English - Litery: T Termination notice What is a termination notice? A termination notice is a formal statement by which one party informs the other that a legal relationship will end. In practice, the term is most often used in employment, commercial, tenancy, service, and corporate matters. Depending on the context, a termination notice may end a contract immediately, after a notice period, or on a specified future date. Its legal effect depends on the wording of the contract, mandatory statutory rules, and the circumstances in which the notice is given. A termination notice is not only a practical communication. It is also a legal act that can trigger significant consequences for both sides. It may affect payment obligations, access to confidential information, handover duties, non-compete clauses, settlement of accounts, return of property, or the right to challenge the termination. For that reason, the notice should be assessed not only from a procedural perspective, but also in light of the wider legal relationship between the parties. In many cases, the validity of a termination notice depends on several factors at the same time. These may include the correct form, proper delivery, compliance with contractual or statutory notice periods, identification of the legal basis for termination, and, where required, a sufficiently clear explanation of the reasons. An error in any of these areas may result in the termination being ineffective, challengeable, or exposing the terminating party to liability. What does a termination notice involve in practice? In employment law, a termination notice may be used... --- - Published: 2026-03-04 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/non-disclosure-agreement-nda/ - Tags: English - Litery: N Non-disclosure agreement (NDA) What is a non-disclosure agreement (NDA)? A non-disclosure agreement, usually referred to as an NDA, is a contract used to protect confidential information shared between parties. Its core purpose is to define what information is confidential, who may access it, how it may be used, and what consequences may follow if it is disclosed without authorisation. In business practice, NDAs are commonly signed before negotiations, due diligence, cooperation with contractors, employment discussions, technology transfers, and other situations where one party needs to disclose sensitive data to another. An NDA does not create confidentiality only in a general or informal sense. It translates that expectation into clear contractual obligations. A well-drafted NDA usually identifies the parties, describes the confidential information, specifies permitted uses, sets exclusions, regulates the duration of confidentiality, and provides remedies in the event of breach. Depending on the transaction, it may be unilateral - where only one party discloses information - or mutual, where both sides exchange confidential materials. Although the term NDA is widely used in international business, its legal effect depends on the wording of the agreement, the governing law, and the factual context in which it is signed. In practice, an NDA should be drafted with attention to enforceability, proportionality, and compatibility with broader legal rules, including labour law, competition law, intellectual property law, data protection law, and trade secret protection. What does an NDA cover in practice? In practical terms, an NDA may cover a broad range of information, provided that... --- - Published: 2026-03-04 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/competition-law/ - Tags: English - Litery: C Competition Law What is competition law? Competition law is the body of rules that protects fair market conduct and prevents practices that restrict, distort, or eliminate competition. It applies to relationships between businesses, as well as to conduct affecting consumers and the structure of markets. In practice, competition law is designed to ensure that companies compete on the merits - through price, quality, innovation, and efficiency - rather than through collusion, market sharing, abuse of market power, or anti-competitive transactions. In the European legal framework, competition law is based primarily on Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, together with merger control rules and national competition legislation. In Poland, these issues are governed in particular by the Act on Competition and Consumer Protection and are enforced by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. Depending on the facts, a matter may have a domestic dimension, an EU dimension, or both. Competition law is not limited to obvious cartels. It also covers vertical restraints in distribution systems, unfair exclusion of competitors, information exchanges between market participants, resale price restrictions, tying practices, discriminatory treatment of trading partners, and concentrations that may significantly impede effective competition. For companies, compliance in this area is not only a regulatory issue but also an important element of transactional planning, internal governance, and risk management. What does competition law cover? Competition law usually covers three core areas. The first is anti-competitive agreements. These include arrangements between competitors... --- - Published: 2026-03-04 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/collective-redundancy/ - Tags: English - Litery: C Collective redundancy What is collective redundancy? Collective redundancy is a procedure used when an employer plans to terminate employment contracts for reasons not related to individual employees and the number of planned dismissals reaches a statutory threshold within a specified period. In practice, it usually concerns organisational changes, restructuring, closure of part of a business, reduction of operating costs, automation, relocation, or a significant downturn in demand. In Poland, collective redundancy is regulated mainly by the Act of 13 March 2003 on special rules for terminating employment relationships with employees for reasons not attributable to employees. This procedure applies to employers with at least 20 employees. As a rule, collective redundancy occurs where, within a period not exceeding 30 days, the employer intends to dismiss at least 10 employees if it employs fewer than 100 employees, at least 10% of employees if it employs at least 100 but fewer than 300 employees, or at least 30 employees if it employs 300 or more employees. These thresholds follow the 2003 Act and reflect the framework used in Polish labour law. Collective redundancy is not limited to standard notices of termination. In some cases, it may also include situations where employment ends by mutual agreement, provided that the initiative comes from the employer and affects at least 5 employees within the relevant period. The legal qualification of a specific process depends on the actual circumstances, the number of affected employees, the reasons for termination, and the way the employer structures the reduction.... --- - Published: 2026-03-04 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/nip-number/ - Tags: English - Litery: N NIP number What is a NIP number? A NIP number is the Polish tax identification number assigned for tax purposes. The term comes from the Polish phrase Numer Identyfikacji Podatkowej. In practice, it is used to identify a taxpayer in dealings with tax authorities and, in many situations, in business and accounting documentation. Although the abbreviation is Polish, the concept is important for both domestic entities and foreign businesses operating or registering for tax obligations in Poland. In the Polish legal system, the NIP serves as an official identifier used mainly in tax matters. It may apply to companies, partnerships, sole traders, certain organisations, and - in specific cases - individuals. Its role is to enable proper tax registration, reporting, invoicing, and communication with public authorities. For businesses, the NIP is one of the basic formal elements of legal and tax functioning in Poland. The practical meaning of a NIP number depends on the status of the entity concerned. For many entrepreneurs, obtaining and correctly using a NIP is a standard part of starting and conducting business. For foreign entities, the issue may be more complex, especially where Polish VAT registration, withholding tax matters, permanent establishment questions, or cross-border transactions are involved. What is a NIP number used for? A NIP number is used in a wide range of tax and compliance activities. Most commonly, it appears on tax returns, VAT filings, accounting records, invoices, official applications, and correspondence with the Polish tax administration. It is also relevant when registering... --- - Published: 2026-03-03 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/non-compete-clause/ - Tags: English - Litery: N Non-compete clause What is a non-compete clause? A non-compete clause is a contractual provision that limits one party’s ability to carry out competing activity in relation to the other party’s business. In practice, it is used to protect commercially sensitive interests, such as confidential information, client relationships, know-how, market position, or investment in key personnel. Such a clause may appear in employment contracts, management agreements, shareholder arrangements, business sale documents, commercial cooperation agreements, and other contracts where one party gains access to information or assets of strategic value. The legal effect of a non-compete clause depends on its wording, the type of contract, the applicable law, and the legitimate interest it is meant to protect. A well-drafted clause usually defines who is restricted, what activities are prohibited, in what territory, for how long, and in relation to which products, services, customers, or market segment. It should also be proportionate. If the restriction is too broad, unclear, or excessive, it may be challenged as unenforceable in whole or in part. In legal practice, a non-compete clause is not treated as a standard formula that works the same way in every case. Its validity and scope are assessed in context. Different considerations may apply in employment law, company law, commercial law, and competition law. In some cases, payment or compensation for the restricted period may also be required, especially where the clause applies after termination of an employment relationship or another long-term contractual arrangement. What does a non-compete clause cover? A non-compete... --- - Published: 2026-03-01 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/severance-pay/ - Tags: English - Litery: S Severance pay What is severance pay? Severance pay is a payment made to an employee in connection with the termination of employment, usually when the employment relationship ends for reasons not attributable to the employee or in situations specifically defined by law, contract, collective agreement, or workplace policy. In practice, severance pay is intended to mitigate the economic effects of losing a job and to provide a degree of financial protection during the transition to new employment. The meaning of severance pay depends on the legal basis that applies in a given case. In some legal systems, severance is a statutory entitlement triggered by redundancy, collective dismissals, business closure, or other employer-driven termination grounds. In other cases, it may result from an individual employment contract, internal regulations, a settlement agreement, or a negotiated exit package. For that reason, whether severance pay is due, and in what amount, should always be assessed in light of the specific employment framework. From a legal and practical perspective, severance pay is distinct from other payments due on termination. It is not the same as salary for the notice period, payment in lieu of notice, accrued but unused holiday compensation, bonus settlements, or damages for unlawful dismissal. These claims may exist alongside severance pay, but they arise from different legal grounds and are calculated according to different rules. What does severance pay cover in practice? In employment practice, severance pay most often arises when an employer terminates employment due to restructuring, downsizing, liquidation of a... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/company-merger/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What is a company merger? A company merger is a legally defined corporate transaction in which two or more companies combine to form a single entity, either through absorption by an existing company or by creating a completely new organisational structure. In legal terms, a merger results in the transfer of all assets, liabilities, rights, duties, contracts, and ongoing obligations of the merging entities to the acquiring or newly established company. This process is governed by strict statutory rules, corporate governance requirements, and mandatory disclosures, ensuring transparency and protection of stakeholders. In practice, company mergers are used to achieve strategic business objectives such as increasing competitive strength, expanding operational capacity, entering new markets, or achieving economies of scale. Due to the complexity and potential economic impact of such transactions, mergers are subject to oversight by regulatory bodies, including antitrust authorities, financial supervision agencies, and courts responsible for company registration. Key aspects of the company merger One of the central legal aspects of a company merger is the requirement for internal corporate approvals, usually involving resolutions of shareholders or partners and, in some jurisdictions, supervisory boards. These resolutions must comply with corporate law and often require qualified majority voting. A merger also necessitates the preparation of a merger plan, including detailed information about the companies involved, the method of share exchange, valuation of assets, and the legal structure of the combined entity. Another critical element is the universal succession principle, which ensures that the acquiring or resulting company automatically assumes all... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/corporate-tax/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What is corporate tax? Corporate tax is a statutory tax imposed on the income or capital of legal entities engaged in business activities. In legal terms, it constitutes a fundamental element of public revenue, applied to companies, corporations, and other organisational forms recognised as separate taxpayers. The taxable base typically includes profits generated from commercial operations, capital gains, and in some jurisdictions, specific categories of passive income. Corporate tax regimes are strictly defined by national tax laws, which establish the rules for calculating taxable income, permissible deductions, exemptions, and reporting obligations. From a regulatory standpoint, corporate tax plays a crucial role in shaping corporate behaviour, influencing investment decisions, capital structure, and cross-border operations. Compliance requires adherence to accounting standards, timely tax filings, and transparency in financial reporting. Multinational companies are additionally subject to transfer pricing rules and anti-avoidance measures designed to prevent erosion of the tax base and excessive profit shifting. Key aspects of the corporate tax A central aspect of corporate tax is the determination of taxable income, which requires accurate recognition of revenues, allowable expenses, depreciation, and other adjustments mandated by tax law. Jurisdictions often impose different tax rates depending on company size, industry, or tax residency, and may provide incentives for research and development, investment, or environmentally sustainable activities. Another important aspect concerns international taxation, which regulates the allocation of taxing rights between countries. Double taxation treaties, controlled foreign corporation (CFC) rules, and transfer pricing regulations play a key role in ensuring that income is taxed appropriately,... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/share-capital/ - Tags: English - Litery: S What is share capital? Share capital refers to the total value of funds contributed to a company by its shareholders in exchange for issued shares. In legal terms, it constitutes the core financial foundation of a corporation, representing both the monetary contributions and other assets transferred to the company upon its formation or during subsequent capital increases. Share capital is strictly regulated by corporate law, as it serves not only as a measure of ownership but also as a key safeguard for creditors by defining the minimum level of equity that must remain within the company. From a legal perspective, share capital is recorded in the company’s constitutional documents and must be registered with the relevant commercial registry. Any changes to its structure—such as increases, reductions, or reallocation of shares—require formal corporate resolutions, adherence to statutory procedures, and disclosures to ensure transparency and protect the interests of shareholders, creditors, and regulatory authorities. Key aspects of the share capital One of the primary legal aspects of share capital is its nominal value, which indicates the minimum individual valuation of each share. The aggregate nominal value forms the company’s registered capital. Regulation often distinguishes between authorized, issued, and paid-up share capital, each reflecting different stages of capital formation within the corporate structure. Authorized share capital defines the maximum amount the company is permitted to issue, while issued share capital refers to shares actually allotted to shareholders. Paid-up share capital denotes the portion that shareholders have already contributed. Another significant aspect concerns the... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/company-division/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What is company division? A company division is a legally regulated corporate restructuring process in which a company splits its assets, rights, obligations, and organisational structure into two or more separate entities. In legal terms, the division may take the form of transferring parts of the enterprise to existing companies or newly established ones, resulting either in the dissolution of the original company or its continued existence with reduced scope of operations. The division process is governed by statutory requirements, including the preparation of a division plan, shareholder approval, and notification to relevant registries and creditors. From a legal perspective, company division serves as a tool for strategic reorganisation, enabling businesses to separate distinct lines of activity, isolate high-risk segments, or streamline management and operational efficiency. The process ensures that liabilities and assets are allocated in a manner defined in the division plan, often applying the principle of partial universal succession, whereby rights and obligations automatically transfer to the receiving companies. Key aspects of the company division A key legal aspect of company division is the division plan, which must include detailed information about the assets to be transferred, share allocation rules, valuation of the company, and the legal effects of the restructuring. This document forms the basis for shareholder decision-making and regulatory oversight. The law often requires an auditor’s opinion on the division plan, particularly when non-cash assets or complex valuations are involved. Another crucial element is the protection of creditors and minority shareholders. Statutory procedures typically include publication... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/business-restructuring/ - Tags: English - Litery: B What is business restructuring? Business restructuring refers to a legally regulated set of actions aimed at reorganising the structure, assets, liabilities, or operational model of a company to improve its efficiency, financial stability, or strategic position. In legal terminology, restructuring encompasses both corporate and financial measures, which may include mergers, divisions, transformations, asset transfers, debt renegotiations, or changes to internal governance. It is often applied in circumstances requiring adaptation to market conditions, compliance with regulatory requirements, or recovery from financial distress. From a legal standpoint, business restructuring must follow statutory procedures, including the preparation of formal restructuring plans, adoption of necessary corporate resolutions, and registration of selected actions with appropriate commercial registries or courts. In cases involving financial restructuring, particularly under insolvency or pre-insolvency regimes, restructuring is subject to judicial supervision and creditor involvement to ensure fairness and protection of stakeholders. Key aspects of the business restructuring Key legal aspects of business restructuring include the selection of restructuring method, which may involve operational restructuring, corporate restructuring (such as mergers, divisions, or share transfers), or financial restructuring (including debt reduction and refinancing). Each method requires compliance with specific statutory requirements and may necessitate independent valuations, auditor reports, regulatory notifications, or competition law assessments. Another important aspect is the protection of creditors and shareholders, as restructuring may significantly alter the company’s financial and ownership structure. Legal frameworks often require creditor meetings, the right to object to restructuring measures, or judicial confirmation of restructuring plans. In addition, restructuring may include employment-related actions, such... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/share-transfer/ - Tags: English - Litery: S What is share transfer? A share transfer is a legally regulated transaction in which ownership of shares in a company is transferred from one shareholder to another, either voluntarily (through sale, donation, or exchange) or involuntarily (through enforcement, inheritance, or court order). In corporate law, share transfer results in the assignment of all rights and obligations attached to the transferred shares, including voting rights, dividend entitlements, and participation in the company’s capital structure. The transfer must be executed in accordance with statutory rules, the company’s articles of association, and—in some cases—sector-specific regulations. From a legal standpoint, share transfers serve as a mechanism for altering ownership composition, facilitating investment, or enabling succession within a company. Depending on the company structure (such as private vs. public entities), the process may require additional formalities, including written agreements, board approval, notarial certification, registration in the share ledger, or disclosure to regulatory bodies. The enforceability of the transfer is contingent on meeting all statutory and corporate requirements. Key aspects of the share transfer A central aspect of share transfer is compliance with transfer restrictions. Many companies—especially private limited entities—include pre-emption rights, consent requirements, or lock-up clauses in their articles of association or shareholders’ agreements. These restrictions are designed to regulate who may join the group of shareholders and to prevent unintended dilution or loss of control. Another important element is the form and validity of the transfer agreement. While public companies often permit unrestricted trading of shares through regulated markets, private companies typically require a... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/holding-company/ - Tags: English - Litery: H What is a holding company? A holding company is a legal entity whose primary purpose is to own and control shares or interests in other companies, rather than conducting operational business activities itself. In corporate law, a holding company exercises control through majority ownership, voting rights, or contractual arrangements, enabling it to influence strategic decisions, governance structures, and financial policies of its subsidiaries. Although a holding company may perform limited administrative or investment functions, its core role is organisational oversight and asset management within a corporate group. From a legal standpoint, holding companies provide a structured framework for managing diversified business operations, separating risk across subsidiaries, and consolidating financial reporting for regulatory or tax purposes. Their creation and operation are governed by national company laws, tax regulations, and—in some cases—sector-specific rules that address issues such as capital requirements, related-party transactions, and corporate governance standards. Key aspects of the holding company A key legal aspect of a holding company is corporate control, which may be exercised through ownership of voting shares, appointment of board members, or contractual governance arrangements. The structure allows centralised strategic decision-making while keeping day-to-day operations within individual subsidiaries. This separation enhances risk management, as liabilities associated with one subsidiary generally do not extend to the holding company or other entities in the group, subject to exceptions such as piercing the corporate veil or group liability doctrines. Another fundamental aspect is tax and financial optimisation. Holding companies are often used to consolidate profits, manage intra-group transactions, and benefit... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/board-resolution/ - Tags: English - Litery: B What is a board resolution? A board resolution is a formal legal act adopted by a company’s board of directors to document and authorise decisions within the scope of the board’s powers. In corporate law, a board resolution serves as an official expression of the board’s collective will, recorded in meeting minutes or written resolutions, and executed in accordance with statutory requirements and the company’s internal governance rules. Board resolutions provide legal validity to strategic, financial, and operational decisions, ensuring transparency, accountability, and compliance with corporate procedures. From a legal standpoint, board resolutions are essential for corporate governance, as many significant actions—such as approving contracts, appointing officers, issuing shares, executing mergers, or entering into financing arrangements—require formal board approval. Without a properly adopted resolution, such actions may be invalid, unenforceable, or expose directors to liability for acting outside their authority. Key aspects of the board resolution A fundamental aspect of a board resolution is proper procedure, which includes convening the meeting in accordance with statutory notice periods, ensuring quorum, and recording the vote outcome. Depending on the jurisdiction and the company’s constitutional documents, resolutions may require a simple majority, absolute majority, or qualified majority to pass. Some jurisdictions also permit written resolutions without convening a meeting, provided that all directors consent to the procedure. Another essential aspect is documentation and legal effect. Board resolutions must be accurately recorded in the minutes, signed by authorised individuals, and retained as part of the company’s corporate records. Certain resolutions—such as those concerning share... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/business-acquisition/ - Tags: English - Litery: B What is a business acquisition? A business acquisition is a legally regulated transaction in which one company purchases another company, a controlling stake in it, or selected components of its enterprise. In corporate and commercial law, an acquisition results in the transfer of ownership, rights, obligations, assets, and—depending on the structure—liabilities from the seller to the acquiring entity. The process is typically formalised through a share purchase agreement (SPA), asset purchase agreement (APA), or other transactional instruments, and must comply with statutory requirements, competition law, and, in some cases, sector-specific regulatory approvals. From a legal standpoint, business acquisitions serve as strategic tools enabling companies to expand their operations, enter new markets, obtain key technologies, or achieve economies of scale. The acquisition process usually involves extensive due diligence, negotiation of representations and warranties, valuation procedures, and post-closing obligations designed to protect the interests of both parties and ensure legal continuity of business operations. Key aspects of the business acquisition A fundamental aspect of business acquisition is transaction structure, which determines the scope and legal consequences of the deal. In a share acquisition, the buyer acquires the corporate entity as a whole, including all rights and liabilities. In an asset acquisition, the buyer selectively acquires specific assets, contracts, or business units, often avoiding unwanted liabilities. Each structure carries different implications for taxation, employment, regulatory compliance, and contractual continuity. Another key aspect is due diligence, which encompasses legal, financial, tax, and operational review of the target company. This process identifies risks, liabilities, pending... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/corporate-secretary/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What is a corporate secretary? A corporate secretary is a key corporate governance officer responsible for ensuring that a company complies with legal, regulatory, and internal governance requirements. In legal terms, the corporate secretary acts as the primary administrator of the company’s statutory obligations, maintaining corporate records, preparing board and shareholder meeting documentation, and ensuring proper execution of resolutions and filings. Although the role may vary by jurisdiction, it typically combines legal, administrative, and advisory functions essential to the lawful and efficient operation of a company. In many legal systems, the corporate secretary serves as a liaison between the board of directors, shareholders, regulators, and external advisors. The position requires comprehensive knowledge of corporate law, reporting obligations, and procedural requirements. Failure to comply with these obligations can expose the company—and in some cases the secretary personally—to regulatory sanctions or liability. Key aspects of the corporate secretary A principal aspect of the corporate secretary’s role is corporate governance administration. This includes convening and organising meetings of the board and shareholders, preparing agendas and minutes, verifying quorum, and ensuring that resolutions are adopted in compliance with statutory and constitutional requirements. The corporate secretary also oversees the maintenance of statutory registers, such as registers of shareholders, directors, and charges, and ensures that all mandatory filings are submitted to regulatory authorities. Another key aspect is legal and regulatory compliance. The corporate secretary monitors changes in corporate, commercial, and securities law and advises the board on compliance obligations. In publicly listed companies, this role includes... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/financial-reporting/ - Tags: English - Litery: F What is financial reporting? Financial reporting refers to the legally mandated process of preparing, presenting, and disclosing a company’s financial information in accordance with applicable accounting standards, corporate law, and regulatory requirements. In legal terms, financial reporting ensures transparency, enables oversight by shareholders, creditors, regulators, and tax authorities, and forms the basis for assessing a company’s financial position, performance, and cash flows. The process typically culminates in the preparation of annual or interim financial statements, management reports, and notes forming an integral part of statutory disclosures. In most jurisdictions, financial reporting obligations are strictly defined, requiring companies to apply specific accounting frameworks—such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or national accounting standards—and to file financial statements with commercial registries or market regulators. Failure to comply may result in administrative penalties, restrictions on corporate actions, or liability for management. Key aspects of the financial reporting A key aspect of financial reporting is compliance with accounting standards, which govern the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses. These standards ensure comparability and reliability of financial data across reporting periods and companies. Companies must also comply with statutory requirements concerning the form, structure, and timing of financial statements, including mandatory audit requirements for entities exceeding certain thresholds. Another significant aspect is transparency and accountability, particularly for publicly listed companies and those operating in regulated sectors. Such entities are subject to enhanced reporting duties, including quarterly reporting, disclosure of significant events, and adherence to corporate governance codes. In addition, financial reporting... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/shareholder-rights/ - Tags: English - Litery: S What is shareholder rights? Shareholder rights refer to the set of legal entitlements and protections granted to individuals or entities that hold shares in a company. In corporate law, these rights are designed to safeguard shareholders’ interests, ensure fair treatment, and provide mechanisms for influencing corporate governance. Shareholder rights typically arise from legislation, company articles of association, and shareholder agreements, forming a framework that governs participation in decision-making, access to information, financial benefits, and legal remedies. At a fundamental level, shareholder rights include both economic rights—such as the right to dividends and participation in profit distribution—and governance rights, such as voting at general meetings, electing board members, and approving major corporate actions. These rights play a critical role in balancing the power dynamics between ownership and management, promoting transparency, accountability, and the long-term stability of the company. Key aspects of the shareholder rights A central aspect of shareholder rights is the right to vote on corporate matters, including amendments to the articles of association, appointment or removal of directors, approval of financial statements, and decisions on mergers, divisions, or liquidation. Voting rights may vary depending on the class of shares, with some shares carrying enhanced or limited voting power. In many jurisdictions, shareholders also possess the right to convene general meetings or propose resolutions under specific conditions. Another important aspect is the right to information, which enables shareholders to access corporate documents, financial statements, board reports, and other disclosures necessary to assess management performance and corporate strategy. Shareholders may also... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/business-dispute/ - Tags: English - Litery: B What is a business dispute? A business dispute refers to a legal conflict arising between companies, business partners, shareholders, contractors, or other commercial entities in the course of their business activities. In legal terminology, a business dispute encompasses disagreements over contractual obligations, corporate governance, commercial transactions, intellectual property, employment matters, or regulatory compliance. Such disputes may be resolved through negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or litigation, depending on the nature of the conflict and the dispute resolution mechanisms agreed upon by the parties or imposed by law. Business disputes are an inherent part of commercial activity and are governed by civil, commercial, and sometimes regulatory law. Their resolution requires adherence to statutory procedures, contractual terms, and principles of fairness and due process. A well-structured dispute resolution framework protects business continuity, reduces financial risk, and ensures effective enforcement of rights. Key aspects of the business dispute An essential aspect of business disputes is the legal basis of the claim, which may arise from breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duties, defective performance, non-payment, unfair competition, or violation of statutory obligations. Establishing the factual and legal grounds of the dispute is critical for determining the appropriate remedy—such as damages, specific performance, contract termination, injunctions, or declaratory judgments. Another important aspect is dispute resolution procedure. Parties may resolve disputes through alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms—such as mediation or arbitration—which often provide confidentiality, flexibility, and faster outcomes compared to court proceedings. In more complex or high-value cases, disputes may escalate to civil litigation, where courts examine... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/transfer-pricing/ - Tags: English - Litery: T What is transfer pricing? Transfer pricing refers to the rules and methods governing the pricing of transactions between related entities within the same corporate group. In legal and tax terminology, transfer pricing ensures that transactions—such as the sale of goods, provision of services, licensing of intellectual property, or financing—are conducted at arm’s length, meaning on terms comparable to those that would apply between independent enterprises. These rules are designed to prevent profit shifting, protect tax bases, and ensure fair allocation of income across jurisdictions. In most legal systems, transfer pricing is strictly regulated through domestic tax laws, OECD guidelines, and international treaties. Companies engaged in cross-border or intra-group transactions must prepare documentation demonstrating compliance with the arm’s length principle and may be subject to audits, adjustments, and penalties if pricing is found to deviate from acceptable standards. Transfer pricing is therefore a critical component of corporate tax compliance and global operational planning. Key aspects of the transfer pricing A key aspect of transfer pricing is the arm’s length principle, which requires that related-party transactions reflect market conditions. To ensure compliance, companies must select an appropriate transfer pricing method—such as the comparable uncontrolled price (CUP) method, cost-plus method, transactional net margin method (TNMM), or profit-split method—depending on the nature of the transaction and availability of comparable data. Another important element is documentation and reporting obligations. Many jurisdictions require companies to maintain detailed transfer pricing documentation, including a local file, master file, and, for multinational enterprises, country-by-country reporting (CbCR). These documents must... --- - Published: 2025-11-28 - Modified: 2025-11-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/corporate-restructuring-plan/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What is a corporate restructuring plan? A corporate restructuring plan is a formal legal document outlining the strategic, operational, financial, or ownership-related changes a company intends to implement in order to improve its performance, address financial distress, or adapt to changing market or regulatory conditions. In legal terminology, such a plan forms the foundation of a restructuring process and must specify the objectives, scope, methods, and anticipated effects of the proposed changes. Depending on the jurisdiction and type of restructuring, the plan may require approval by shareholders, creditors, courts, or regulatory authorities. From a corporate law perspective, a restructuring plan ensures that all stakeholders are informed of the restructuring framework and that decisions are made transparently and in compliance with statutory obligations. In insolvency or pre-insolvency proceedings, the plan becomes a binding legal instrument that governs the terms under which creditors’ claims are modified, assets are allocated, and the company’s future operations are reorganised. It serves as both a roadmap and a compliance tool, ensuring that the restructuring is conducted lawfully and effectively. Key aspects of the corporate restructuring plan A key aspect of a corporate restructuring plan is its content and structure, which typically include an analysis of the company’s current financial and operational condition, identification of issues necessitating restructuring, and a detailed description of proposed measures. These may involve mergers or divisions, changes in corporate governance, workforce reductions, asset disposals, refinancing arrangements, or modifications of shareholder rights. The plan often includes financial forecasts, risk assessments, and timetables for... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/limited-liability-company/ - Tags: English - Litery: L What Is a Limited Liability Company (LLC)? A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is one of the most common legal forms of doing business, chosen by entrepreneurs for its flexibility and protection. It is a corporate entity where the liability of shareholders is limited to the amount of their contributions to the share capital. Unlike partnerships, an LLC has its own legal personality, meaning it can own assets, enter into contracts, and be sued independently of its owners. This structure is widely used for small and medium-sized businesses as well as foreign investors seeking a secure and regulated framework for operations. Key Aspects of the Concept Provides limited liability for shareholders, shielding personal assets from business debts. Requires a minimum share capital (depending on jurisdiction) contributed by owners. Governed by articles of association that regulate internal corporate governance. Shareholders’ rights and duties are strictly defined by law and corporate documents. Managed by a board of directors or management board, responsible for daily operations. Taxation depends on jurisdiction, but LLCs often benefit from corporate tax structures. Preferred for foreign investment due to its predictability and investor protections. Examples of the Term “Limited Liability Company” in Use Two partners decided to establish a Limited Liability Company to protect their personal assets while running a new e-commerce venture. The investor transferred €50,000 into the company’s share capital to form a Limited Liability Company. A Limited Liability Company was chosen over a sole proprietorship because of its tax benefits and risk protection. International businesses often... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/shareholders-agreement/ - Tags: English - Litery: S What Is a Shareholders Agreement? A shareholders agreement is a private contract between the shareholders of a company that regulates their rights, obligations, and relationships. While not always required by law, it plays a crucial role in defining how a company is managed, how profits are distributed, and how disputes are resolved. The agreement supplements the articles of association, offering a more flexible and confidential framework that reflects the specific interests of the owners. It is especially important in companies with multiple investors, as it prevents conflicts and ensures long-term stability. Key Aspects of the Concept Sets rules for the transfer and sale of shares, including pre-emption rights. Defines voting rights and decision-making processes in shareholder meetings. Regulates dividend distribution and profit-sharing mechanisms. Provides mechanisms for dispute resolution, often including arbitration clauses. Protects minority shareholders from unfair practices by majority owners. Can include non-compete and confidentiality clauses to protect the business. Offers flexibility, as it can be tailored to the company’s specific needs beyond statutory requirements. Examples of the Term “Shareholders Agreement” in Use The founders of a fintech startup signed a shareholders agreement to outline their responsibilities and profit-sharing arrangements. A dispute between minority and majority shareholders was resolved through terms specified in the shareholders agreement. Investors insisted on signing a shareholders agreement before contributing capital to the company. The shareholders agreement included a clause requiring mediation before any party could initiate court proceedings. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2026-04-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/commercial-law/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What Is Commercial Law? Commercial law, also known as business law or trade law, is the branch of law that governs the rights, relationships, and conduct of individuals and companies engaged in commerce, trade, and sales. It provides the legal framework for business activities, ensuring fair competition, contractual reliability, and the protection of both businesses and consumers. Commercial law covers a wide range of topics, from company formation and corporate governance to sales contracts, distribution agreements, and insolvency proceedings. It is essential for maintaining legal certainty in national and international markets. Key Aspects of the Concept Regulates contracts between businesses, suppliers, and clients. Covers areas such as company law, agency, partnership, and sales of goods. Provides rules for corporate governance and shareholder responsibilities. Establishes procedures for bankruptcy and restructuring of businesses. Ensures compliance with competition and consumer protection regulations. Important for cross-border transactions, international trade, and dispute resolution. Enforced through civil courts, arbitration, or commercial courts depending on jurisdiction. Examples of the Term “Commercial Law” in Use The company hired a lawyer specializing in commercial law to draft a complex distribution agreement. A dispute over a sales contract was resolved under the provisions of commercial law. International investors often require legal due diligence to ensure compliance with commercial law. Commercial law played a key role in regulating the merger between two large corporations. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/tax-law/ - Tags: English - Litery: T Tax law is the body of legal rules and regulations that governs the obligations of individuals and businesses to pay taxes to the state. It defines the types of taxes, the procedures for assessment and collection, and the rights and duties of taxpayers. Tax law ensures that governments collect revenue to fund public services, while also providing mechanisms for taxpayers to challenge tax decisions. It covers direct taxes, such as income tax and corporate tax, as well as indirect taxes, like VAT and excise duties. Because tax systems vary from country to country, compliance often requires specialized knowledge and professional guidance. Key Aspects of the Concept Regulates the payment of direct and indirect taxes by individuals and businesses. Includes income tax, corporate tax, value-added tax (VAT), excise duties, and customs duties. Establishes rules for tax returns, audits, and appeals. Protects taxpayer rights, including the right to appeal against tax assessments. Provides penalties and sanctions for tax evasion or non-compliance. Closely linked with international treaties to avoid double taxation. Requires constant monitoring, as tax regulations change frequently. Examples of the Term “Tax Law” in Use The company consulted a specialist in tax law to optimize its international tax structure. Tax law requires individuals to submit annual income declarations to the authorities. A dispute over VAT refunds was settled in accordance with tax law. Foreign investors must carefully review local tax law before establishing a subsidiary. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/employment-contract/ - Tags: English - Litery: E What Is an Employment Contract? An employment contract is a legally binding agreement between an employer and an employee that sets out the terms and conditions of work. It defines the rights, duties, and responsibilities of both parties, including salary, working hours, benefits, and termination conditions. Employment contracts are essential for ensuring transparency, protecting workers’ rights, and providing legal certainty to employers. They can be written, oral, or implied by conduct, though written contracts are strongly preferred for clarity and evidence. Key Aspects of the Concept Establishes the terms of employment, including wages, working hours, and job duties.   May be permanent, fixed-term, or temporary, depending on the nature of the role.   Protects both employer and employee by clearly defining expectations.   Regulated by labor law, ensuring compliance with statutory rights such as minimum wage, leave, and health and safety.   Can include additional clauses such as non-compete, confidentiality, or probationary periods.   Provides procedures for termination, notice periods, and severance pay.   Disputes related to employment contracts are resolved through labor courts or arbitration.   Examples of the Term “Employment Contract” in Use The new employee signed an employment contract outlining their salary, responsibilities, and benefits.   An employment contract dispute arose when the employer failed to honor agreed overtime payments.   The company includes a confidentiality clause in every employment contract to protect sensitive data.   Foreign workers must have a valid employment contract to obtain a work permit. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/dismissal/ - Tags: English - Litery: D What Is Dismissal? Dismissal refers to the termination of an employee’s contract by the employer. It can occur for various reasons, including redundancy, misconduct, or poor performance. Dismissal must comply with employment law, which sets out the legal grounds, notice periods, and employee rights. Unlawful or unfair dismissal can lead to legal disputes and compensation claims, making it a highly regulated area of labor relations. Key Aspects of the Concept Can be based on valid grounds such as redundancy, reorganization, or disciplinary issues. Requires adherence to statutory notice periods and termination procedures. Employees have the right to appeal or challenge unfair dismissal in labor courts. May involve severance pay depending on the length of service and jurisdiction. Employers must provide clear justification and, in some cases, documented evidence. Special protections apply to certain groups, such as pregnant employees or union members. Wrongful dismissal can result in reinstatement orders or financial compensation. Examples of the Term “Dismissal” in Use The company carried out a dismissal due to restructuring and economic difficulties. An employee challenged their dismissal in court, claiming it was discriminatory. Failure to follow proper procedures turned a lawful dismissal into an unfair dismissal case. Collective dismissal procedures apply when a large number of employees are terminated at once. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/debt-recovery/ - Tags: English - Litery: D What Is Debt Recovery? Debt recovery is the process of pursuing payments owed by individuals or companies that have failed to pay invoices, loans, or other obligations on time. It may involve direct negotiations, legal proceedings, or the engagement of professional debt collection agencies. Effective debt recovery ensures financial liquidity for businesses and protects creditors from financial losses. Key Aspects of the Concept Begins with reminders, payment demands, and negotiations with the debtor. Can escalate to court proceedings and enforcement actions if payment is not made. Involves legal tools such as payment orders, asset seizures, and garnishments. Businesses often outsource debt recovery to specialized agencies or law firms. Cross-border debt recovery requires knowledge of international regulations. Delays in debt recovery increase financial risk and reduce chances of repayment. Subject to strict legal rules to prevent harassment or abuse of debtors. Examples of the Term “Debt Recovery” in Use The company hired a law firm specializing in debt recovery to collect overdue invoices. A payment order was issued by the court to speed up the debt recovery process. International debt recovery was necessary when the debtor relocated abroad. Early intervention significantly improved the success rate of debt recovery efforts. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/civil-litigation/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What Is Civil Litigation? Civil litigation is the legal process used to resolve disputes between individuals, businesses, or organizations in civil, rather than criminal, matters. It covers a wide range of cases, including contract disputes, property claims, and personal injury lawsuits. Civil litigation usually involves several stages: filing a claim, exchange of evidence, hearings, and final judgment. Key Aspects of the Concept Involves disputes over rights, obligations, or damages between private parties.   Governed by civil procedure rules, which outline deadlines and court practices.   May include pre-trial negotiations and settlement attempts.   Evidence, witness testimony, and expert opinions play a central role.   Can result in monetary compensation, injunctions, or declaratory judgments.   Often lengthy and costly, but ensures enforceable legal remedies.   Alternative dispute resolution methods (mediation, arbitration) are encouraged to reduce court load.   Examples of the Term “Civil Litigation” in Use The company was involved in civil litigation concerning a breach of contract with a supplier.   Civil litigation resulted in the court ordering compensation for damages caused by negligence.   Many disputes are settled before reaching the final stage of civil litigation.   International contracts often include clauses specifying jurisdiction for civil litigation. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/criminal-law/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What Is Criminal Law? Criminal law is the branch of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates investigations, and establishes penalties for those found guilty. Its primary purpose is to protect society, deter unlawful conduct, and punish offenders. Unlike civil law, criminal law involves the state prosecuting an individual or organization for acts considered harmful to public order. Key Aspects of the Concept Defines crimes such as theft, fraud, assault, and murder.   Establishes penalties including fines, imprisonment, and community service.   Investigations are conducted by law enforcement authorities and prosecutors.   Protects the rights of the accused, including presumption of innocence and fair trial.   Criminal law distinguishes between misdemeanors and felonies.   Sentencing often takes into account mitigating and aggravating circumstances.   International criminal law addresses cross-border crimes such as human trafficking or money laundering.   Examples of the Term “Criminal Law” in Use The defendant was charged under criminal law for committing fraud.   Criminal law provides strict penalties for tax evasion and corruption.   Lawyers specializing in criminal law defend clients accused of serious offenses.   International cooperation is essential in enforcing criminal law against organized crime groups. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/real-estate-law/ - Tags: English - Litery: R What Is Real Estate Law? Real estate law governs the ownership, use, and transfer of land and buildings. It regulates transactions such as purchases, leases, mortgages, and development projects. Real estate law ensures that property rights are clearly defined, disputes are resolved, and investors are protected. This area of law is crucial for both private individuals buying homes and corporations involved in large-scale commercial developments. Key Aspects of the Concept Covers property ownership, leasing, and land use.   Provides rules for buying, selling, and transferring property.   Regulates construction, zoning, and environmental restrictions.   Ensures transparency and legal certainty in real estate transactions.   Protects landlords, tenants, and third parties such as lenders.   Requires registration of property rights in official land registries.   Includes mechanisms for resolving disputes such as boundary issues or breaches of contract.   Examples of the Term “Real Estate Law” in Use The investor consulted a lawyer specializing in real estate law before purchasing a commercial building.   Real estate law regulates lease agreements between landlords and tenants.   A dispute over property boundaries was settled under real estate law.   Real estate law was critical in securing financing for a large development project. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/intellectual-property/ - Tags: English - Litery: I What Is Intellectual Property? Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, artistic works, designs, and brand names, which are legally protected against unauthorized use. Intellectual property law grants creators exclusive rights, encouraging innovation and creativity by allowing them to benefit from their work. IP is essential for businesses, especially those in technology, media, and pharmaceuticals, as it provides competitive advantages and safeguards market value. Key Aspects of the Concept Includes patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. Provides creators with exclusive rights to use and commercialize their work. Protection is limited in time (e. g. , patents usually last 20 years). Prevents unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or exploitation of intellectual works. International treaties harmonize IP protection across countries. Enforcement mechanisms include injunctions, damages, and criminal penalties. Strong IP protection is key to research, innovation, and economic growth. Examples of the Term “Intellectual Property” in Use The startup registered a trademark to protect its brand as part of its intellectual property strategy. Intellectual property rights allowed the pharmaceutical company to secure profits from its new drug. A copyright infringement case highlighted the importance of intellectual property law in the digital age. Intellectual property disputes often arise in international trade negotiations. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/consumer-rights/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What Are Consumer Rights? Consumer rights are the legal protections granted to individuals when purchasing goods or services. These rights ensure fair treatment, access to accurate information, and the ability to seek remedies in case of defective or unsafe products. Consumer rights are a cornerstone of modern market economies, balancing the power between businesses and customers. Key Aspects of the Concept Include the right to safety, information, choice, and redress. Protect consumers against unfair trade practices and misleading advertising. Require businesses to provide clear information about products and services. Allow for refunds, repairs, or replacements of faulty goods. Enforced by consumer protection authorities and civil courts. Increasingly cover digital services, online purchases, and data protection. Strengthen trust between consumers and businesses, promoting economic growth. Examples of the Term “Consumer Rights” in Use A customer invoked consumer rights to return a defective electronic device. Consumer rights legislation requires businesses to clearly state warranty conditions. Online shoppers are protected by consumer rights when buying from foreign retailers. A lawsuit was filed against a company for violating basic consumer rights. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/arbitration/ - Tags: English - Litery: A What Is Arbitration? Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method in which the parties to a conflict agree to submit their case to a neutral arbitrator instead of going to court. The arbitrator’s decision, known as an award, is binding and enforceable. Arbitration is commonly used in commercial disputes, especially those involving international contracts, because it is faster, confidential, and often more flexible than litigation. Key Aspects of the Concept Provides an alternative to court litigation. Parties select arbitrators with expertise relevant to the dispute. Proceedings are private and confidential. Arbitration awards are legally binding and recognized internationally (New York Convention). Faster and often less formal than traditional litigation. Particularly common in international trade and investment disputes. May include clauses in contracts requiring arbitration in case of disputes. Examples of the Term “Arbitration” in Use The two companies opted for arbitration to resolve their contractual dispute instead of going to court. Arbitration resulted in a binding award within six months, saving both parties time and money. Many cross-border contracts include arbitration clauses to ensure neutrality in dispute resolution. The arbitration tribunal consisted of three experts in international commercial law. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/extradition/ - Tags: English - Litery: E Extradition is the formal legal process by which one country surrenders a person accused or convicted of a crime to another country upon request. It is based on bilateral or multilateral treaties and ensures that criminals cannot evade justice by crossing borders. Extradition is a crucial tool in combating international crime, terrorism, and corruption. Key Aspects of the Concept Requires a formal request from the requesting state. Governed by treaties, conventions, and national laws. Typically applies to serious crimes such as murder, fraud, or drug trafficking. Extradition may be refused if the person risks political persecution or unfair trial. The requested individual has rights to legal representation and appeal. International cooperation through organizations such as Interpol supports extradition. Aims to prevent safe havens for criminals and ensure accountability. Examples of the Term “Extradition” in Use The suspect was detained pending extradition to face fraud charges in another country. Extradition proceedings were halted due to concerns over human rights violations. A treaty between the two nations facilitated the swift extradition of the fugitive. Extradition is often contested in high-profile cases involving political figures. --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/glossary/company-registration/ - Tags: English - Litery: C What Is Company Registration? Company registration is the formal legal process through which a business entity becomes officially recognized by the state. It involves preparing and filing incorporation documents with the relevant authority, such as a commercial register or court. Registration gives the company its own legal personality, separate from its founders, allowing it to enter into contracts, own property, and be held accountable under the law. For foreign investors, company registration is often the first and most important step to starting business operations in a new jurisdiction. Key Aspects of the Concept Establishes a company’s legal existence and separates liability from its owners. Defines the company’s structure (e. g. , limited liability company, joint-stock company). Requires filing articles of association and registering with the competent authority. Provides the business with an official tax identification number. Determines the rules for corporate governance, shareholder rights, and obligations. Necessary for opening a corporate bank account and hiring employees. Creates legal certainty for investors, partners, and customers. Examples of the Term “Company Registration” in Use A group of entrepreneurs completed company registration to launch their technology startup in Poland. Company registration required submitting the articles of association and appointing a management board. Foreign investors sought legal assistance to speed up the company registration process and comply with local tax regulations. The delay in company registration postponed the company’s ability to sign commercial contracts and hire staff. --- --- ## Porady Eksperta - Published: 2026-04-04 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/claims-by-foreign-managers-after-termination-deadlines-jurisdiction-evidence-and-cross-border-employer-issues/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7df7de4b3 Claims by Foreign Managers After Termination: Deadlines, Jurisdiction, Evidence, and Cross-Border Employer Issues A claim by a foreign manager after termination is a legal demand raised against a Polish employer (or a Polish entity in an international group) seeking remedies such as unpaid remuneration, bonuses, severance, damages, reinstatement, or declarations regarding the validity of termination. In Poland, the legal path depends first on how the relationship was structured - employment contract, civil law management contract (e. g. , mandate/management services), or corporate appointment to a management board. This is informational material, not legal advice. Specific deadlines, competent courts, and available remedies depend on the facts and on the governing documents. Key legal classification: employment vs management contract vs corporate appointment For foreign managers, the first practical step is to identify which legal regimes apply, because this affects deadlines, jurisdiction, and evidence strategy. Employment contract (umowa o pracę) - protective labor law applies, including claims before labor courts and strict procedural deadlines under the Labor Code. Civil law contract (e. g. , mandate/management services) - claims are typically contractual and handled by civil courts under the Civil Code; different limitation periods apply. Corporate appointment (appointment/dismissal as management board member) - corporate law rules on appointment and dismissal apply under the Commercial Companies Code; this is separate from any contract regulating remuneration. Three recurring exceptions that frequently change the assessment must be checked in each case: Manager formally “dismissed” from the management board but still employed - corporate dismissal does not automatically... --- - Published: 2026-04-02 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/debt-recovery-against-a-company-in-poland-from-demand-letters-to-enforcement/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7f15af199 Debt Recovery Against a Company in Poland: From Demand Letters to Enforcement Debt recovery against a company in Poland is the legally structured process of obtaining payment of an undisputed or disputed receivable by using pre-court measures (such as formal demand letters and settlement negotiations) and, if needed, court proceedings followed by enforcement conducted by a court bailiff (komornik). For international businesses, the key is timing, evidence quality, and choosing the correct procedural path under Polish civil and commercial rules. Typical debt recovery scenarios in B2B practice In Poland, receivables most often arise from unpaid invoices for goods and services, contractual penalties, damages for non-performance, or reimbursement claims. Before selecting a strategy, the creditor should confirm the legal basis and due date of the claim, and whether the debtor is a company (spółka z o. o. , S. A. , partnerships) with assets in Poland. From a risk-management perspective, early verification reduces wasted costs on suing an entity that is insolvent, dissolved, or operating through a different company name than the one shown on the invoice. Step 1 - Evidence and due diligence before any formal action Polish courts and bailiffs operate on documents. A creditor should assemble a clean file: contract or purchase order, general terms, delivery/acceptance confirmations, invoices, payment reminders, email correspondence confirming performance, and any acknowledgments of debt. It is also recommended to review public registers: KRS (National Court Register) - corporate data, management board, restructuring or insolvency filings, and whether liquidation is pending. VAT status and... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/franchise-agreements-in-poland-compliance-and-must-have-contract-clauses/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7f0b26f47 Franchise Agreements in Poland: Compliance and Must-Have Contract Clauses A franchise agreement is a contract under which one party (the franchisor) grants another party (the franchisee) the right to operate a business using the franchisor’s brand, know-how, and operating model, usually in exchange for fees and ongoing compliance with system standards. Polish law does not regulate franchising in a single dedicated statute. In practice, franchise agreements are structured under the principle of freedom of contract (Article 3531 of the Civil Code) and shaped by mandatory rules on unfair competition, consumer protection (where applicable), competition law, IP rights, personal data, and sector-specific regulation. For international businesses, the main legal risk is not “whether franchising is allowed,” but whether the contract and operational set-up remain compliant in Poland and enforceable in disputes. Polish legal framework affecting franchise agreements Because franchising is not a named contract type in Poland, enforceability is assessed through general contract rules and mandatory limitations. Key legal sources typically considered during drafting and negotiations include: Civil Code - general rules on contracts, performance, damages, and contractual freedom (including Article 3531). Act on Combating Unfair Competition - protection of business secrets and restrictions on unfair market practices. Competition law - Polish and EU rules on vertical agreements (including territorial/customer restrictions, RPM, and exclusivity). Trademark and know-how protection - licensing structure and brand use rules. GDPR - allocation of roles (controller/processor), especially for marketing databases, loyalty programs, and online ordering. In cross-border franchise models, careful attention is also required for applicable... --- - Published: 2026-03-28 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/leasing-warehouse-space-in-poland-large-logistics-halls-fulfillment-dropshipping-key-lease-clauses/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7ea65b923 Leasing Warehouse Space in Poland (Large Logistics Halls, Fulfillment, Dropshipping): Key Lease Clauses Leasing warehouse space in Poland means entering into a contract under which a landlord grants a tenant the right to use a warehouse or logistics hall (often together with yards, docks, and office areas) for consideration, typically for operating storage, fulfillment, cross-docking, or dropshipping processes. In practice, such contracts are usually structured as a lease agreement (najem) under the Polish Civil Code, although market practice in large logistics parks often uses “commercial lease” templates with extensive operational and technical appendices. Keywords: warehouse lease Poland, logistics hall lease clauses, fulfillment warehouse Poland, dropshipping warehouse lease, commercial lease Poland, rent indexation, service charge Poland, fit-out works, liability in warehouse lease, termination of warehouse lease Why warehouse leases in Poland require clause-by-clause risk review Warehouse operations are process-driven. A lease that does not precisely allocate responsibility for utilities, fire safety, access rules, and downtime risks can translate into direct losses, failed SLAs with customers, and reputational impact. Large logistics halls also rely on technical parameters (floor load, sprinkler class, dock configuration, power capacity) that must match the tenant’s business model. As a baseline, Polish contract freedom applies (Article 3531 of the Civil Code) , but mandatory rules and the general framework for leases (Articles 659–692 of the Civil Code) still shape enforceability . Key commercial clauses: rent, indexation, service charges Rent structure and payment mechanics Rent is typically expressed per square meter of warehouse space, office space, and sometimes mezzanine.... --- - Published: 2026-03-26 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/buying-real-estate-in-poland-as-a-non-eu-citizen-permits-process-timeline-and-risks/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7e9f42ea9 Buying Real Estate in Poland as a Non-EU Citizen: Permits, Process, Timeline, and Risks Buying real estate in Poland as a non-EU citizen generally means acquiring ownership or perpetual usufruct of land, a building, or a premises, where the transaction may require a specific administrative permit issued by the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration (MSWiA). The key legal framework is the Act of 24 March 1920 on the acquisition of real estate by foreigners, which sets out when a permit is required, when it is not, and what happens if the rules are breached . When a non-EU citizen needs a permit to buy real estate in Poland As a rule, a “foreigner” (including a natural person without Polish citizenship and many companies controlled by foreigners) must obtain an MSWiA permit to acquire ownership or perpetual usufruct of real estate in Poland . In practice, the need for a permit most often arises when the acquisition involves land (plots) or rights equivalent to land control, such as perpetual usufruct. Whether a permit is needed depends on the legal classification of the asset and the structure of the transaction, including: type of real estate - land vs. a separate apartment (local) vs. commercial premises, right acquired - ownership vs. perpetual usufruct, status of the buyer - individual vs. company and whether the company is “controlled” by foreigners, location - additional restrictions exist for agricultural land under separate legislation and may affect feasibility and timeline . The three statutory exceptions... --- - Published: 2026-03-24 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/terminating-a-manager-in-poland-legal-risks-procedures-and-severance-negotiations/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7db198763 Terminating a Manager in Poland: Legal Risks, Procedures, and Severance Negotiations Termination of a manager in Poland means ending the individual’s relationship with the company, either as an employee (employment contract) or as a corporate officer (management board appointment). The legal route, timing, and risk profile depend on which legal “hat” the manager wears - and many executives hold both roles at the same time. This is informational material, not legal advice. The correct approach depends on the factual situation, including the manager’s contract, functions, group structure, and the internal governance documents. Why terminating managers in Poland is legally sensitive Managerial exits often trigger multi-layer risks: employment protection claims, corporate governance challenges, confidential information exposure, and reputational fallout. Poorly structured terminations may result in reinstatement claims (for employees), damages, invalid corporate resolutions, or disputes over non-compete and IP. For international groups, additional friction points include mismatched expectations between headquarters’ practices and Polish mandatory rules, especially around notice, justification, and protected categories. Step 1: Identify the legal basis of the manager’s relationship In Poland, “manager” is not one uniform legal category. The most common scenarios are: Employment contract governed by the Labour Code - typically for operational managers and sometimes for board members. Management contract / services agreement (civil law) governed by the Civil Code - common for executives paid on performance. Corporate appointment as a management board member under the Commercial Companies Code - a corporate mandate, separate from any contract. Each basis requires a different termination mechanism and different... --- - Published: 2026-03-24 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/buying-real-estate-in-poland-as-an-eu-citizen-formalities-and-common-pitfalls/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7e8f873a9 Buying Real Estate in Poland as an EU Citizen: Formalities and Common Pitfalls Buying real estate in Poland as an EU citizen is a transaction governed primarily by Polish civil law, land and mortgage register rules, and - in specific cases - a permit regime for certain types or locations of property. In practice, most purchases require a notarial deed, verified title, and secure payment mechanics, with due diligence aimed at preventing hidden encumbrances and regulatory surprises. Key legal framework for real estate purchases in Poland The transfer of ownership of real estate in Poland generally requires a notarial deed (a formal instrument executed before a Polish notary). This stems from the Civil Code rules on transferring ownership of real estate and the requirement of a notarial form for such agreements . Ownership and encumbrances (e. g. , mortgages, easements) are typically disclosed through the Land and Mortgage Register (księga wieczysta), governed by a separate act . For EU citizens, the most discussed issue is whether a permit from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration is required. The general rule is liberal access, but there are legally defined exceptions, especially for agricultural land and properties in specific zones . This is where structuring and timing matter for business and private buyers alike. Formalities step-by-step: how a typical acquisition works 1) Preliminary verification: title, seller capacity, and property status Before signing anything, buyers typically review: Current land and mortgage register extracts - ownership, mortgages, easements, enforcement entries, and pending applications... --- - Published: 2026-03-22 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/alternative-executive-compensation-in-poland-esop-phantom-shares-shadow-equity-profit-sharing-success-fees-deferred-bonuses/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7d7669c58 Alternative Executive Compensation in Poland: ESOP, Phantom Shares, Shadow Equity, Profit Sharing, Success Fees, Deferred Bonuses Alternative executive compensation in Poland means incentive arrangements that supplement or replace fixed salary and standard bonuses by linking part of management’s remuneration to equity value, company performance, or long-term milestones. In practice, these structures are used to align incentives, manage cash flow, and retain key leaders, but they also raise tax, corporate, labor, and compliance questions that should be addressed before implementation. Keywords Poland executive compensation, ESOP Poland, management incentive plan Poland, phantom shares Poland, shadow equity Poland, profit sharing Poland, success fee Poland, deferred bonus Poland, management board remuneration Poland, tax and labor risk Poland Why international companies use alternative executive compensation in Poland In Polish operations, incentive plans are often introduced when an investor expects rapid scaling, a transaction (sale, IPO), or a turnaround requiring strong management continuity. Alternative structures can reduce immediate payroll burden while increasing performance accountability. Retention - vesting and deferral can limit executive turnover during critical periods. Alignment - pay-outs tied to equity value or EBITDA can align decision-making with shareholders’ interests. Flexibility - easier customization than standard employment bonuses, provided the documentation matches Polish legal requirements. Governance - clearer KPI frameworks can support supervisory board oversight, especially in groups with foreign reporting standards. Key legal framework in Poland: corporate, labor, and tax intersections Plan design typically touches several legal regimes: Corporate law - share issuance, subscriptions, capital increases, and governance rules under the Polish Commercial Companies... --- - Published: 2026-03-20 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/management-board-liability-in-poland-what-foreign-directors-must-know-2/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ab104302981 Management Board Liability in Poland: What Foreign Directors Must Know Management board liability in Poland means that members of a company’s management board can be held personally responsible for damages, administrative sanctions, and in some cases criminal consequences arising from the way the company is managed, even though the company is a separate legal entity. For foreign directors, the key business issue is predictability - Polish law sets several “trigger points” where liability can move from the company to individuals, especially during financial distress, tax and social security arrears, and compliance breaches. Who is a “management board member” and why the risk is personal In Polish limited liability companies (sp. z o. o. ), the management board (zarząd) conducts the company’s affairs and represents it. The core framework for duties and civil liability is set by the Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych) . Even when day-to-day work is delegated internally, board members remain responsible for ensuring that the company is managed with due diligence and loyalty to the company. From a risk management perspective, two features matter: Liability may arise towards the company (internal) and towards creditors or authorities (external). Foreign residence does not eliminate exposure - liability is tied to holding the function and acting (or failing to act) while in office. Key sources of director liability Poland: civil, creditor, tax, and criminal exposure Civil liability towards the company (damages) Board members may be liable to the company for damage caused by an act or omission contrary to... --- - Published: 2026-03-18 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/employment-options-for-managers-in-poland-employment-contract-b2b-management-contract/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7d3ae00a0 Employment Options for Managers in Poland (Employment Contract, B2B, Management Contract) Definition: Employment options for managers in Poland refer to the legally permissible ways a company may engage a manager to perform management duties - most commonly under (1) an employment contract, (2) a B2B (self-employed) services model, or (3) a civil-law management contract (often called a “management contract”). The correct model affects control, taxes and social insurance, termination risk, liability exposure, and compliance obligations. For international businesses, selecting the right engagement framework is typically a governance and risk decision, not only an HR decision. Polish practice shows that misclassification (especially between employment and civil-law/B2B models) can create back payments, penalties, and litigation risk, and may disrupt business continuity. Keywords Poland manager employment, employment contract Poland, B2B contract Poland, management contract Poland, board member contract Poland, Polish labour law managers, ZUS social security managers, PIT taxation managers, managerial liability Poland Key legal frameworks and why “manager” is not one uniform category Polish law differentiates between: Employees hired under the Labour Code (ustawa - Kodeks pracy) with statutory protections and employer obligations . Civil-law contractors engaged under the Civil Code (ustawa - Kodeks cywilny), typically via a mandate contract (umowa zlecenia) or a contract for specific work (umowa o dzieło) . In managerial practice, a “management contract” is usually structured as a civil-law services agreement (most often similar to zlecenie). Entrepreneurs providing services under a B2B agreement (company-to-company), governed primarily by the Civil Code and business regulations . Another practical distinction... --- - Published: 2026-03-16 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/ubo-crbr-in-poland-who-must-file-when-and-penalties/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae7d2a7dcee UBO / CRBR in Poland: Who Must File, When, and Penalties The Central Register of Beneficial Owners (CRBR) is a Polish public register that collects information on a company’s ultimate beneficial owners (UBO). The register is part of Poland’s anti-money laundering framework and is regulated primarily by the Act of 1 March 2018 on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (the “AML Act”) . Correction (accuracy): CRBR collects information not only on UBOs, but also on persons holding certain functions in the entity, as required by the AML Act (e. g. , persons authorised to represent the entity, and - depending on the entity - also persons authorised to act on its behalf). The exact scope depends on the entity type under the statutory catalogue , . From a business perspective, CRBR compliance is not only a formal filing obligation. Incorrect or late disclosures can disrupt onboarding with banks and counterparties, trigger enhanced due diligence, and create reputational risk during transactions and audits. CRBR Poland - who is a beneficial owner (UBO) under Polish rules Under the AML Act, a “beneficial owner” is a natural person (never a company) who ultimately owns or controls a customer, or on whose behalf a transaction or activity is carried out. For corporate entities, beneficial ownership is typically assessed through: direct or indirect shareholding or voting rights, control through other means (e. g. , shareholder agreements, special rights), the ability to exercise decisive influence over the entity’s actions. The exact identification method depends on... --- - Published: 2026-03-04 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/sp-z-o-o-polish-llc-explained-for-international-founders/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cd9048e56e A sp. z o. o. (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością) is the Polish form of a limited liability company, commonly used by international founders to operate in Poland with limited shareholder liability and a flexible corporate structure. The company is a separate legal entity, meaning it can own assets, enter into contracts, hire employees, and be sued in its own name. This article is published by Lawyersinpoland. com by Kopeć & Zaborowski and is informational material, not legal advice. The correct structure and compliance steps depend on the specific business model, industry regulation, and the founder’s tax and governance assumptions. Why international founders choose a sp. z o. o. The sp. z o. o. is often selected for Polish market entry because it combines credibility in commercial transactions with risk containment. As a rule, shareholders are not liable for the company’s obligations, which is a key difference compared to operating as an individual entrepreneur (sole trader). From a business perspective, the sp. z o. o. is typically used when: there is a need to separate personal and business risk, the venture is expected to scale (investors, multiple shareholders, group structures), local hiring and contracting requires a “standard” corporate counterparty, licensing, tenders, or counterparties expect a company rather than a sole trader. Polish LLC sp z oo formation: key legal building blocks Sp z oo requirements: shareholders, articles, and registered office A sp. z o. o. can be formed by one or more shareholders. However, a sp. z o. o. generally cannot... --- - Published: 2026-03-03 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/s24-vs-%d0%bd%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%83%d1%81-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b9-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b1-%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%ba/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cd6dee8cc7 S24 в Польше — это онлайн‑процедура регистрации общества с ограниченной ответственностью (sp. z o. o. ) и некоторых других юридических лиц с использованием стандартных шаблонов документов, подаваемых через ИКТ‑систему Министерства юстиции. В отличие от этого, нотариальная регистрация компании в Польше предполагает оформление устава в форме нотариального акта с последующей регистрацией компании в Национальном судебном реестре (KRS), как правило через портал PRS (Court Registers Portal). Для международных инвесторов выбор между регистрацией компании S24 в Польше и нотариальным способом не является формальностью. Он напрямую влияет на сроки регистрации компании в Польше, гибкость корпоративного управления, возможность индивидуальной настройки защиты интересов участников, а также на объем первичных комплаенс‑процедур (банковское обслуживание, AML, регистрация бенефициарных владельцев). Правовая база: в чем реальные различия между S24 и нотариальной регистрацией В обоих случаях результатом является компания, зарегистрированная в KRS и действующая в соответствии с Кодексом торговых компаний Польши (Kodeks spółek handlowych). Ключевое отличие заключается в способе заключения устава: S24 в Польше — устав заключается с использованием установленного законом шаблона в телекоммуникационной системе; все заявления подаются в электронном виде. Нотариальная регистрация в Польше — устав оформляется в виде нотариального акта (что позволяет индивидуальную разработку положений), после чего компания регистрируется в KRS. Правовое основание: онлайн‑процедура на основе шаблона регулируется положениями Кодекса торговых компаний о заключении устава с использованием шаблона, а также подзаконными актами, касающимися ИКТ‑системы . Нотариальная форма устава sp. z o. o. является стандартной законной формой его заключения . Порядок подачи и публикации данных в KRS регулируется Законом о Национальном судебном реестре . Обязанности по раскрытию бенефициарных владельцев установлены Законом... --- - Published: 2026-03-02 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/remote-incorporation-powers-of-attorney-apostille-translations/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cd6af76959 Remote company formation Poland means establishing a Polish company (most commonly a limited liability company - sp. z o. o. ) without the founders travelling to Poland, by using properly executed documents signed abroad and then accepted by Polish authorities, banks, and counterparties. In practice, the feasibility depends on document form (wet ink vs. qualified e-signature), the scope of representation, and whether foreign documents must be legalised (apostille or consular legalisation) and translated. This article explains how power of attorney Poland company registration works, when apostille documents Poland are required, and when sworn translation Poland company documents is mandatory. This is informational material, not legal advice. Key routes to incorporate Poland without travel There are two common incorporation paths in Poland, each with different implications for signing documents abroad Poland: S24 online system (template-based articles of association): typically faster, but less flexible. Certain actions may require Polish eID tools (e. g. , Profil Zaufany or a qualified electronic signature accepted in Poland), and the template limits bespoke clauses. Notarial deed route (custom articles of association): more flexible, often preferred for multi-shareholder ventures, investors, or tailored governance. Remote incorporation often uses a representative appointed under a power of attorney to sign incorporation documents in Poland, appear before a Polish notary, and file the registration to the National Court Register (KRS). Powers of attorney in Polish company registration: scope and form A power of attorney (PoA) is the core instrument enabling remote incorporation. Under the Polish Civil Code, a PoA authorises the... --- - Published: 2026-02-28 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/registering-trademarks-and-domains-before-launching-in-poland/ - Tags: English Registering a trademark and securing a domain name in Poland means taking legally effective steps to reserve and enforce brand identifiers - the sign used to distinguish goods or services (trademark) and the internet address used to reach customers (domain). For market entry, these steps reduce the risk of rebranding, injunctions, and avoidable disputes that can disrupt operations and damage reputation. Why “trademark registration Poland” should be treated as a pre-launch task In Poland, relying on “being first on the market” is often insufficient. A third party may register an identical or similar trademark earlier and then challenge marketing, listings, or distribution. Trademark protection is primarily obtained through registration, with rights defined by classes of goods and services and the territory covered. Filing early is also a practical way to document priority and demonstrate diligence to investors and partners. From a business perspective, the core risks of a late filing are: Forced rebrand (cost of new packaging, websites, marketing assets). Blocked expansion into additional product lines due to earlier rights in relevant classes. Disputes with distributors and marketplace takedowns prompted by trademark complaints. Reputational exposure if the brand is alleged to be misleading or infringing. Trademark vs company name in Poland - different functions, different registries A frequent misunderstanding is treating a company name as a substitute for a trademark. In Poland, registering a company in the National Court Register (KRS) or in CEIDG for sole traders does not automatically grant trademark rights. Company registration primarily identifies an entity for... --- - Published: 2026-02-28 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%91%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cd6af76959 Удалённая регистрация компании в Польше означает создание польской компании (чаще всего общества с ограниченной ответственностью — sp. z o. o. ) без личного приезда учредителей в Польшу. Это осуществляется за счёт надлежащим образом оформленных документов, подписанных за границей и принимаемых польскими органами, банками и контрагентами. На практике возможность такой регистрации зависит от формы документов (оригинальная подпись «мокрыми чернилами» или квалифицированная электронная подпись), объёма полномочий представителя, а также от того, подлежат ли иностранные документы легализации (апостиль или консульская легализация) и переводу. В данной статье разъясняется, как работает доверенность для регистрации компании в Польше, в каких случаях требуется апостиль документов в Польше, а также когда обязателен присяжный перевод документов компании в Польше. Материал носит информационный характер и не является юридической консультацией. Основные способы зарегистрировать компанию в Польше без поездки В Польше существуют два наиболее распространённых пути регистрации компании, каждый из которых имеет свои особенности при подписании документов за границей: Онлайн-система S24 (устав по шаблону): как правило, быстрее, но менее гибко. Для ряда действий могут потребоваться польские инструменты электронной идентификации (например, Profil Zaufany или квалифицированная электронная подпись, признаваемая в Польше), а шаблон ограничивает возможность включения индивидуальных положений. Нотариальный порядок (индивидуальный устав): более гибкий вариант, часто используемый для компаний с несколькими участниками, инвесторами или сложной системой корпоративного управления. При удалённой регистрации компании обычно назначается представитель по доверенности, который подписывает документы в Польше, участвует в нотариальных действиях и подаёт заявление о регистрации в Национальный судебный реестр (KRS). Доверенность при регистрации компании в Польше: объём и форма Доверенность (Power of Attorney, PoA) является ключевым инструментом, позволяющим... --- - Published: 2026-02-26 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/operating-in-poland-without-a-polish-director-whats-possible-and-whats-not/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cd0469f8cf Operating in Poland without a Polish director usually means a Polish company is managed by a management board (or other statutory body) composed entirely of non-Polish nationals and/or persons not resident in Poland. In practice, international clients ask whether a Polish company foreign director model is legally permitted, and what operational constraints appear when no board member is locally based. As a general rule, Polish law does not impose a nationality or residence requirement for management board members in limited liability companies (sp. z o. o. ) or joint-stock companies (S. A. ). However, “possible” does not always mean “low-risk. ” Banking, tax, corporate governance, and service-of-process realities can create friction and delay, especially when authorities or counterparties expect quick local responsiveness. Core rule: can foreigners be directors in Poland? Yes. Under the Polish Commercial Companies Code, the management board is the body authorised to manage the company’s affairs and represent it externally, and membership is not limited to Polish citizens or Polish residents . Therefore, the answer to can foreigners be directors in Poland is generally “yes,” subject to standard eligibility rules (e. g. , legal capacity and no applicable disqualifications). This is why the management board non-resident Poland structure is common in foreign-owned groups. It is also why the legal work often focuses less on whether the appointment is valid and more on whether the governance, signatures, banking, and compliance setup will function reliably in Poland. What is not required - and what is still required Nationality and... --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/opening-a-business-bank-account-in-poland-practical-compliance-checklist/ - Tags: English A business bank account in Poland is a payment account opened by a bank or other payment service provider for a company or entrepreneur to execute business transactions (transfers, payroll, tax payments) and to evidence financial flows for accounting and compliance purposes. For most companies operating in Poland, the account becomes a core operational tool and a key element of the institution’s customer due diligence (KYC/AML) process. For international founders, the practical challenge is rarely “how to submit an application” but rather how to meet bank compliance for foreign shareholders and how to prepare for additional scrutiny around beneficial ownership, source of funds, and the business model. The checklist below reflects typical requirements observed on the Polish market and the legal framework that drives them. This article is published by Lawyersinpoland. com by Kopeć & Zaborowski. This is informational material, not legal advice; the required scope of documents and KYC steps depends on the factual situation and the bank’s internal risk assessment. Why banks treat company accounts in Poland as a compliance project Polish banks are “obliged institutions” under the AML regime and must apply customer due diligence, identify and verify the client and the beneficial owner(s), assess purpose and intended nature of the relationship, and monitor transactions. The legal basis is the Act of 1 March 2018 on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (AML Act) . In addition, banks must comply with international sanctions rules. Depending on the ownership chain and jurisdictions involved, sanctions screening can materially affect... --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d0%b2%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%bd%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%b0-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5-%d0%b1%d0%b5%d0%b7-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b3/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cd0469f8cf Ведение бизнеса в Польше без польского директора обычно означает, что польская компания управляется правлением (или иным уставным органом), полностью состоящим из иностранных граждан и/или лиц, не проживающих в Польше. На практике международные клиенты часто спрашивают, допускается ли с точки зрения закона модель иностранный директор польской компании и с какими операционными ограничениями можно столкнуться, если ни один член правления не находится в Польше. В целом польское законодательство не устанавливает требований к гражданству или месту проживания членов правления обществ с ограниченной ответственностью (sp. z o. o. ) или акционерных обществ (S. A. ). Однако «возможно» не всегда означает «безрисково». Банковские процедуры, налоговые вопросы, корпоративное управление и вопросы вручения корреспонденции могут создавать трения и задержки, особенно если органы власти или контрагенты ожидают быстрой реакции на месте. Основное правило: могут ли иностранцы быть директорами в Польше? Да. В соответствии с Кодексом торговых обществ Польши правление является органом, уполномоченным управлять делами компании и представлять её вовне, и членство в правлении не ограничено польским гражданством или резидентством . Поэтому на вопрос могут ли иностранцы быть директорами в Польше в общем случае ответ — «да», при соблюдении стандартных требований (например, наличие дееспособности и отсутствие оснований для дисквалификации). Именно поэтому модель нерезидентное правление в Польше широко используется в группах с иностранным капиталом. В результате юридическая работа чаще сосредоточена не на самой допустимости назначения, а на том, будет ли эффективно функционировать система корпоративного управления, подписания документов, банковского обслуживания и комплаенса. Что не требуется — и что всё же необходимо Гражданство и резидентство: не требуется для большинства компаний Для sp.... --- - Published: 2026-02-24 - Modified: 2026-02-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/company-formation-in-poland-a-practical-legal-guide-to-establishing-a-limited-liability-company-sp-z-o-o/ - Tags: English Company formation in Poland is frequently analyzed through the lens of the limited liability company, i. e. , spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością (sp. z o. o. ), because this vehicle combines operational flexibility with a robust liability shield. In legal and transactional practice, this form is widely used by Polish founders, foreign investors, startup teams, and international groups entering the EU market through Poland. The current digital framework—especially registration through the S24 system—has made incorporation more accessible, but the legal and compliance layer remains complex enough to require careful planning from day one. From a risk-management perspective, the key attraction of a sp. z o. o. is that, as a rule, shareholders are not personally liable for corporate debts beyond their contributions. At the same time, the company obtains a separate legal identity and can build a stronger market profile than many sole-trader structures. For many projects, this structure also supports growth scenarios such as admitting new investors, transferring shares, or structuring governance with multiple board members. These design options make Company formation in Poland via sp. z o. o. particularly suitable for businesses that intend to scale, professionalize governance, or operate cross-border. Legal framework and planning assumptions before incorporation Any serious incorporation project should begin with a legal map of the applicable framework. In practice, the process combines corporate law requirements (company agreement, representation rules, share capital architecture), court-registration rules (KRS electronic filing), tax registration duties (including VAT where applicable), and anti-money laundering disclosure obligations (beneficial ownership reporting to... --- - Published: 2026-02-22 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/s24-vs-notary-which-incorporation-route-is-better-in-poland/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cd6dee8cc7 S24 in Poland is an online procedure for registering a limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ) (and certain other entities) using standardised templates and filings submitted through the Ministry of Justice ICT system. By contrast, notary incorporation Poland means executing the company’s articles of association as a notarial deed and then registering the company with the National Court Register (KRS), typically via the PRS (Court Registers Portal). For international investors, the choice between S24 company registration Poland and the notary route is not cosmetic. It affects time to register company Poland, flexibility of corporate governance, ability to tailor shareholder protections, and the scope of early compliance work (banking, AML, beneficial ownership filings). Legal framework: what S24 and notary incorporation actually change In both routes, the end result is a KRS-registered company governed primarily by the Polish Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych). The key difference is the way the articles of association are made: S24 Poland - articles are concluded using a statutory template in the teleinformatics system; filings are submitted electronically. Notary incorporation Poland - articles are executed as a notarial deed (allowing bespoke drafting), then the company is registered in KRS. Legal basis: the template-based online route is regulated under the Commercial Companies Code provisions on concluding articles using a template and related executive regulations for the ICT system . The notarial deed form for a sp. z o. o. is the standard statutory form of concluding articles of association . KRS filings and announcements follow... --- - Published: 2026-02-21 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/share-capital-contributions-shares-structuring-ownership-from-day-one/ - Tags: English Share capital is the legally registered amount that represents the value of contributions made by shareholders to a company and determines the nominal value of shares and, in many cases, voting power and dividend participation. In Poland, early decisions on share capital Poland, contributions and share structures shape not only control and funding, but also tax exposure, creditor protection, and founder exit scenarios. This article is informational material, not legal advice. The correct structure depends on the factual situation, the chosen company type, and the business plan. Why “day one” structuring matters for international founders In Polish practice, ownership mechanics created at incorporation are harder and more expensive to revise later. Issues typically appear in three areas: Control risk - unclear voting rules, deadlock between founders, or inability to secure a majority for strategic decisions. Funding friction - investors expect predictable dilution rules, pre-emption rights, and a clean capitalization table. Compliance and liability - mismatched contributions (especially in-kind) or incorrect filings can trigger management liability and disputes with shareholders. Share capital Poland: choosing the right vehicle (sp. z o. o. vs PSA) For most international SMEs, the default choice remains the limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ). The Polish Simple Joint-Stock Company (PSA) is often used for venture-style projects due to flexible share design and contribution rules. Minimum share capital sp z oo The minimum share capital sp z oo is PLN 5,000, with a minimum nominal value of one share at PLN 50, unless the articles of... --- - Published: 2026-02-20 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/market-entry-legal-checklist-for-foreign-companies-first-30-days/ - Tags: English - : pll_698ccfbea5b98 A “Poland market entry checklist” is a structured set of legal and compliance steps that should be completed immediately after deciding to operate in Poland and, where applicable, right after incorporation, so the business can trade lawfully, hire safely, invoice correctly, and reduce regulatory and reputational risk in the first month. The first 30 days are typically decisive for business continuity. Missed registrations, unclear representation rules, or incomplete tax and HR onboarding can trigger delays, penalties, blocked bank payments, or heightened scrutiny during audits. The checklist below focuses on the most common post-incorporation requirements in Poland and related compliance steps, but the exact sequence depends on the factual situation - especially the selected legal form, regulated activity, and whether staff will be employed in Poland. Day 1-7: Corporate setup, representation, and documentation 1) Confirm the legal structure and registration data Ensure that the company’s entries in the Polish Court Register (KRS) are correct and consistent with internal documents and external onboarding (bank, counterparties). Key points include: Company name, registered office, business address. Management board composition and method of representation (e. g. , joint signatures). PKD codes (business activity classification) aligned with intended operations. Legal basis: Act of 20 August 1997 on the National Court Register (Journal of Laws, as amended) . For limited liability companies, corporate functioning and representation follow the Polish Commercial Companies Code of 15 September 2000 . 2) Organise corporate governance and internal resolutions Even where not strictly required on day one, early governance hygiene reduces later... --- - Published: 2026-02-20 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d1%8e%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%ba-%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82-%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b0-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d1%80%d1%8b%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%ba-%d0%bf/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698ccfbea5b98 Юридический чек-лист выхода на рынок Польши — это структурированный набор правовых и комплаенс‑шагов, которые необходимо выполнить сразу после принятия решения о начале деятельности в Польше и, при необходимости, непосредственно после регистрации компании. Это позволяет вести бизнес законно, безопасно нанимать сотрудников, корректно выставлять счета и снизить регуляторные и репутационные риски в первый месяц. Первые 30 дней часто являются решающими для непрерывности бизнеса. Пропущенные регистрации, неясные правила представительства или неполная налоговая и HR‑подготовка могут привести к задержкам, штрафам, блокировке банковских платежей или повышенному вниманию при проверках. Ниже приведён чек-лист ключевых требований после регистрации компании в Польше и связанных с ними комплаенс‑обязанностей. Точная последовательность шагов зависит от конкретной ситуации — прежде всего от выбранной организационно‑правовой формы, регулируемости деятельности и наличия сотрудников в Польше. Дни 1–7: корпоративная структура, представительство и документация 1) Подтверждение организационно-правовой формы и регистрационных данных Убедитесь, что сведения о компании в Национальном судебном реестре Польши (KRS) корректны и согласуются с внутренними документами и данными, используемыми при внешнем онбординге (банк, контрагенты). Ключевые аспекты: Наименование компании, юридический адрес и адрес ведения деятельности. Состав правления и способ представительства (например, совместная подпись). Коды PKD (классификация видов деятельности), соответствующие фактической деятельности. Правовая основа: Закон от 20 августа 1997 г. о Национальном судебном реестре (с изменениями) . Для обществ с ограниченной ответственностью корпоративное управление и представительство регулируются Кодексом торговых обществ от 15 сентября 2000 г. . 2) Организация корпоративного управления и внутренних решений Даже если формально это не требуется в первый день, раннее выстраивание корпоративного управления снижает риск споров и облегчает последующий due diligence. Рекомендуется: Принятие решений... --- - Published: 2026-02-19 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/krs-nip-regon-what-you-get-and-when-timeline-for-foreigners/ - Tags: English - : pll_698ccf57dd98d KRS, NIP, and REGON are three identifiers that determine whether a company can legally exist, be visible to counterparties, and operate in Poland. KRS is the company’s entry in the Polish commercial register (the legal “birth” of most companies). NIP is the tax identification number used in dealings with tax authorities and for invoicing. REGON is the statistical number used primarily for reporting and administrative purposes. For foreign founders, the practical question is timing - when each number is issued, what depends on what, and what can (and cannot) be done in the gap between filings and registrations. What is KRS in Poland and why it matters KRS (Krajowy Rejestr Sądowy - National Court Register) is the public register kept by commercial courts. For a limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ) and a joint-stock company (S. A. ), the KRS entry is decisive for legal existence. As a rule, the company becomes a legal person upon registration in KRS (for sp. z o. o. and S. A. ), meaning it can fully act as a registered entity in trade. Key legal bases include the Act on the National Court Register (ustawa o Krajowym Rejestrze Sądowym) and the Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych), which sets the rules on incorporation and registration effects . NIP and REGON: what they are used for in business practice NIP (Numer Identyfikacji Podatkowej) is used for tax settlements, invoices, and most formal dealings with the tax office. The legal framework is primarily the... --- - Published: 2026-02-17 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/how-to-register-a-company-in-poland-as-a-foreigner-step-by-step/ - Tags: English Company registration in Poland is a formal process of creating a legal entity (most commonly a limited liability company - sp. z o. o. ) in the Polish registers, obtaining tax and statistical identifiers, and setting the company up to legally operate, hire staff, invoice clients, and meet ongoing compliance obligations. For foreign investors, the key is selecting a structure allowed under Polish law, preparing correct incorporation documents, and choosing an efficient registration path (online or notarial), while ensuring the company’s governance and reporting can be maintained from abroad. Step 1 - Confirm eligibility and choose the legal form In most cross-border business scenarios, the default choice is a Polish limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ), due to limited shareholder liability, flexibility, and market acceptance. A joint-stock company (S. A. ) may be considered for larger projects, regulated markets, or planned fundraising. Under Polish law, foreign persons generally may conduct business in Poland, including through Polish companies, subject to specific restrictions for certain sectors and regulated activities (for example, financial services, energy, transport, defense-related areas). The legal feasibility should be confirmed early, particularly if the business is subject to licensing or requires permits. Practical decision points sp. z o. o. - common for subsidiaries, holding vehicles, service providers, tech businesses. Branch - may fit limited operations, but creates different risk and accounting profiles and can be less practical for contracting and financing. Regulated activity - factor in lead time for permits and compliance (often longer than registration itself).... --- - Published: 2026-02-16 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/founder-agreements-before-incorporation-how-to-prevent-future-disputes/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cceee47e58 A founders agreement Poland is a pre-incorporation contract that sets out the founders’ commercial deal before a Polish company is formally registered. In practice, it documents who contributes what, how control is exercised, how equity is allocated, and what happens if a founder leaves, underperforms, or a conflict arises. It is often combined with a pre-incorporation agreement Poland (covering preparatory steps and costs) and, where relevant, a founder equity agreement Poland or vesting agreement Poland (to align ownership with long-term contribution). For international founders, the key benefit is operational certainty: the business can move faster while reducing the risk that a later dispute blocks funding, product development, hiring, or an exit. Lawyersinpoland. com by Kopeć & Zaborowski typically treats founder documentation as a business continuity tool, not a formality. Why founders dispute prevention matters under Polish practice Before registration, founders frequently incur costs, sign term sheets, build IP, and negotiate with partners. Without clear rules, the project may become dependent on personal trust rather than enforceable mechanisms. Disputes at this stage can lead to: deadlock over ownership percentages and decision-making rights, delaying incorporation and fundraising; misaligned expectations on roles, remuneration, and time commitment; uncertain ownership of intellectual property created before the company exists; reputational and litigation risk if one founder publicly challenges the arrangement or contacts investors/clients. Polish law provides general contractual tools, but it does not automatically “fill in” a startup-style founder deal. A written agreement is therefore a practical risk-control measure, particularly where founders are in different jurisdictions.... --- - Published: 2026-02-15 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8c-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8e-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698ccf2032a17 Регистрация компании в Польше для иностранцев — это формализованный процесс создания юридического лица (чаще всего общества с ограниченной ответственностью — sp. z o. o. ) в польских реестрах, получения налоговых и статистических идентификаторов, а также настройки компании для законной деятельности, найма сотрудников, выставления счетов и соблюдения текущих требований комплаенса. Для иностранных инвесторов ключевыми факторами являются выбор допустимой по польскому праву организационно-правовой формы, подготовка корректных учредительных документов и выбор эффективного способа регистрации (онлайн или через нотариуса), при этом важно обеспечить возможность корпоративного управления и отчетности из‑за границы. Шаг 1 — Подтвердите право на ведение бизнеса и выберите юридическую форму В большинстве трансграничных бизнес‑сценариев стандартным выбором является польское общество с ограниченной ответственностью (sp. z o. o. ) благодаря ограниченной ответственности участников, гибкости и высокой рыночной приемлемости. Акционерное общество (S. A. ) может рассматриваться для крупных проектов, регулируемых рынков или планируемого привлечения инвестиций. Согласно польскому законодательству иностранные лица, как правило, могут вести бизнес в Польше, в том числе через польские компании, с учетом специальных ограничений для отдельных отраслей и регулируемых видов деятельности (например, финансовые услуги, энергетика, транспорт, сферы, связанные с обороной). Правовую допустимость следует проверить на раннем этапе, особенно если деятельность подлежит лицензированию или требует разрешений. Практические точки принятия решений sp. z o. o. — распространенный выбор для дочерних компаний, холдинговых структур, сервисных провайдеров и IT‑бизнеса. Филиал — может подойти для ограниченной деятельности, но создает иной профиль рисков и учета и часто менее удобен для заключения договоров и финансирования. Регулируемая деятельность — учитывайте сроки получения разрешений и выполнения требований комплаенса (часто они дольше... --- - Published: 2026-02-14 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%bb%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b9-%d0%b4%d0%be-%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%86/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cceee47e58 Соглашение основателей в Польше — это договор, заключаемый до регистрации компании, который фиксирует коммерческие договорённости между основателями ещё до официального создания польского юридического лица. На практике он определяет, кто и что вносит в проект, как осуществляется контроль, как распределяется доля участия (equity), а также что происходит, если один из основателей выходит из проекта, не выполняет свои обязательства или возникает конфликт. Часто такое соглашение дополняется прединкорпорационным соглашением в Польше (regulującym przygotowawcze kroki i koszty), а при необходимости — соглашением о долях основателей или vesting-соглашением в Польше, чтобы связать владение долями с долгосрочным вкладом. Для международных команд ключевое преимущество — операционная определённость. Бизнес может развиваться быстрее, при этом снижается риск того, что будущий спор заблокирует привлечение инвестиций, разработку продукта, найм сотрудников или выход (exit). Команда Lawyersinpoland. com (Kopeć & Zaborowski) рассматривает документы основателей не как формальность, а как инструмент обеспечения непрерывности бизнеса. Почему предотвращение споров между основателями важно в польской практике До регистрации компании основатели часто несут расходы, подписывают term sheet’ы, создают интеллектуальную собственность и ведут переговоры с партнёрами. При отсутствии чётких правил проект начинает опираться на личное доверие, а не на юридически исполнимые механизмы. Споры на этом этапе могут привести к: тупику при согласовании долей и прав принятия решений, что задерживает регистрацию и фандрайзинг; расхождению ожиданий по ролям, вознаграждению и объёму вовлечённости; неопределённости в отношении прав на интеллектуальную собственность, созданную до появления компании; репутационным рискам и судебным спорам, если один из основателей публично оспаривает договорённости или контактирует с инвесторами и клиентами. Польское право предоставляет общие договорные инструменты, но не «дополняет автоматически»... --- - Published: 2026-02-14 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/krs-nip-regon-%d1%87%d1%82%d0%be-%d0%b2%d1%8b-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%83%d1%87%d0%b0%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b5-%d0%b8-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b4%d0%b0-%d1%81%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d0%bb%d1%8f-%d0%b8/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698ccf57dd98d KRS, NIP и REGON — это три ключевых идентификатора, которые определяют, может ли компания законно существовать, быть видимой для контрагентов и вести деятельность в Польше. KRS — это запись о компании в польском коммерческом реестре, фактически юридическое «рождение» большинства компаний. NIP — налоговый идентификационный номер, используемый во взаимоотношениях с налоговыми органами и при выставлении счетов. REGON — статистический номер, применяемый в основном для отчетности и административных целей. Для иностранных учредителей ключевой практический вопрос — сроки: когда присваивается каждый номер, что от чего зависит и какие действия можно (и нельзя) предпринимать в период между подачей документов и завершением регистраций. Что такое KRS в Польше и почему он важен KRS (Krajowy Rejestr Sądowy — Национальный судебный реестр) — это публичный реестр, который ведется хозяйственными судами. Для общества с ограниченной ответственностью (sp. z o. o. ) и акционерного общества (S. A. ) именно внесение в KRS определяет юридическое существование. Как правило, компания приобретает статус юридического лица с момента регистрации в KRS, что означает возможность полноценно участвовать в гражданском и коммерческом обороте. Ключевыми правовыми актами являются Закон о Национальном судебном реестре (ustawa o Krajowym Rejestrze Sądowym) и Кодекс торговых компаний (Kodeks spółek handlowych), которые регулируют порядок создания компаний и правовые последствия регистрации . NIP и REGON: для чего они используются на практике NIP (Numer Identyfikacji Podatkowej) используется для налоговых расчетов, выставления счетов-фактур и большинства формальных контактов с налоговой службой. Основной правовой акт — Закон о принципах учета и идентификации налогоплательщиков и плательщиков . REGON присваивается в официальном статистическом реестре, который ведет Главное статистическое управление... --- - Published: 2026-02-13 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/costs-of-setting-up-a-company-in-poland-realistic-budget-breakdown/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cceb7b6a82 The cost to register company Poland is the total of mandatory state fees, transactional costs (typically notary and translations), and business-driven expenses such as banking, licences, and initial compliance setup. In practice, budgets vary depending on legal form, whether the shareholders are foreign, and whether formation is done via the online template route or through a notarial deed. This guide outlines realistic, business-focused numbers and where budgets usually break. It is informational material, not legal advice. Key cost drivers when budgeting company formation fees Poland Before choosing a budget figure, decision-makers should map the variables that most often change the final invoice: Legal form - most foreign investors choose a limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ), but joint-stock or partnerships change the fee profile. Method of formation - online formation using a template (S24) typically reduces notary involvement, while bespoke articles require a notarial deed. Shareholder structure - foreign corporate shareholders, multi-tier ownership, or beneficial owner complexity increases AML/KYC workload at banks and advisors. Need for translations - documents for foreign shareholders are often translated by a sworn translator. Licences and sector permits - regulated industries can add significant pre-registration or post-registration costs. Mandatory public fees: court fees KRS Poland and related filings Registration in the National Court Register (KRS) typically includes a registration fee and a fee for publication of the entry in the Court and Economic Monitor (Monitor Sądowy i Gospodarczy). The legal basis is the Act on the National Court Register and the Act on... --- - Published: 2026-02-13 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8c-%d0%be%d1%82%d0%ba%d1%80%d1%8b%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cceb7b6a82 Стоимость регистрации компании в Польше складывается из обязательных государственных пошлин, транзакционных расходов (как правило, нотариус и переводы), а также бизнес‑затрат — банковское обслуживание, лицензии и первичная настройка комплаенса. На практике бюджет зависит от выбранной организационно‑правовой формы, наличия иностранных акционеров и способа регистрации: онлайн по шаблону или через нотариальный акт. В этом руководстве представлены реалистичные, ориентированные на бизнес цифры и типичные точки, где бюджет чаще всего «ломается». Материал носит информационный характер и не является юридической консультацией. Ключевые факторы, влияющие на бюджет регистрации компании в Польше Перед тем как закладывать конкретную сумму, стоит определить переменные, которые чаще всего меняют итоговый счёт: Организационно‑правовая форма — большинство иностранных инвесторов выбирают общество с ограниченной ответственностью (sp. z o. o. ), однако акционерные общества или партнёрства имеют иной профиль затрат. Способ регистрации — онлайн‑регистрация по шаблону (S24) обычно снижает участие нотариуса, тогда как индивидуальный устав требует нотариального акта. Структура акционеров — иностранные корпоративные акционеры, многоуровневая структура владения или сложный бенефициар увеличивают объём AML/KYC‑проверок со стороны банков и консультантов. Необходимость переводов — документы иностранных акционеров часто требуют присяжного (судебного) перевода. Лицензии и отраслевые разрешения — регулируемые виды деятельности могут существенно увеличить расходы до или после регистрации. Обязательные государственные пошлины: судебные сборы KRS в Польше и связанные подачи Регистрация в Национальном судебном реестре (KRS) обычно включает регистрационный сбор и плату за публикацию записи в «Судебно‑хозяйственном вестнике» (Monitor Sądowy i Gospodarczy). Правовой основой являются Закон о Национальном судебном реестре и Закон о судебных расходах по гражданским делам . Размеры зависят от способа подачи и могут меняться, поэтому на этапе... --- - Published: 2026-02-11 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/company-address-in-poland-virtual-office-vs-real-office-risks/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cce83648bc A company address in Poland is the location used to identify the company in legal and business transactions and to receive official correspondence. In practice, businesses typically use two concepts: a registered office (siedziba) understood as the locality (town/city) indicated in the company’s articles, and a business/operational address used for day-to-day operations and deliveries. Choosing between a virtual office Poland company solution and a real office is therefore not only an administrative decision - it affects compliance, banking, tax exposure, and reputational risk. This article is informational material, not legal advice. The correct approach depends on the factual situation, including the business model, the scale of operations, and the expectations of banks and authorities. Registered address Poland for company - what the law requires Polish law requires companies to disclose and update address data in the National Court Register (KRS). For limited liability companies (sp. z o. o. ) and joint-stock companies (S. A. ), the articles indicate the registered office as a locality, while the KRS entry also includes an address (adres) for the company and, where applicable, an address for service (adres do doręczeń) and other contact details. Key obligations include: Correct registration and updating of data in KRS under the Act on the National Court Register . Ensuring effective service of court and administrative correspondence - failure to receive mail can trigger procedural consequences (e. g. , missed deadlines). Maintaining documentation consistency across tax, banking, and corporate records. In cross-border structures, address choices are also reviewed through... --- - Published: 2026-02-11 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d1%84%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb-%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d0%be%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8f%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cce1c8c9f4 Филиал в Польше — это организационно обособленное подразделение иностранной компании, которое ведёт деятельность на территории Польши под наименованием материнской компании. Дочерняя компания — это отдельное польское юридическое лицо (чаще всего общество с ограниченной ответственностью — sp. z o. o. — или акционерное общество — S. A. ), контролируемое иностранным инвестором. Выбор между вариантом филиал в Польше или дочерняя компания напрямую влияет на ответственность, корпоративное управление, налогообложение, отчётность и степень изоляции бизнес‑рисков. Филиал в Польше vs дочерняя компания: ключевое правовое различие Филиал не обладает самостоятельной правосубъектностью по польскому праву. На практике это означает, что иностранная компания остаётся прямой стороной по договорам и несёт ответственность по обязательствам филиала. Филиал действует на основе правосубъектности материнской компании и подлежит регистрации в польском реестре предпринимателей (KRS) в соответствии с Законом от 6 марта 2018 г. о принципах участия иностранных предпринимателей и других иностранных лиц в хозяйственном обороте на территории Республики Польша , а также Законом от 20 августа 1997 г. о Национальном судебном реестре . Дочерняя компания, напротив, является польской компанией, учреждённой в соответствии с Кодексом коммерческих обществ от 15 сентября 2000 г. . Она заключает договоры от собственного имени и, как правило, ограничивает ответственность участников (с учётом исключений, включая ответственность органов управления в отдельных ситуациях). Когда филиал иностранной компании в Польше является подходящим решением Филиал иностранной компании в Польше обычно рассматривается, если: Скорость выхода на рынок и операционная непрерывность имеют ключевое значение — филиал отражает структуру материнской компании без создания нового юридического лица. Единый бренд и единый договорный поток предпочтительны — договоры заключаются иностранной... --- - Published: 2026-02-11 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b9-%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b3%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cce4b15251 Выбор организационно-правовой формы бизнеса в Польше — это ключевое решение, которое определяет порядок налогообложения, распределение ответственности, модель управления, а также то, как инвесторы и банки будут оценивать риски. Для международных основателей бизнеса практический выбор чаще всего сводится к трем вариантам: общество с ограниченной ответственностью (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością – Sp. z o. o. ), простое акционерное общество (prosta spółka akcyjna – PSA) или ведение деятельности в статусе индивидуального предпринимателя (jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza – JDG). Данный обзор подготовлен Lawyersinpoland. com (юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski) и предназначен для помощи иностранным клиентам в сравнении доступных вариантов с учетом правовых и операционных критериев ведения бизнеса в Польше. Организационно-правовые формы бизнеса в Польше: что влияет на выбор «Лучшая форма компании в Польше для иностранцев» всегда зависит от конкретных обстоятельств: планируемого оборота, профиля рисков, потребности во внешнем финансировании, количества учредителей и стратегии выхода. На практике решающими обычно являются три вопроса: Ответственность — затрагивают ли бизнес-риски личные активы. Налоги и социальные взносы — фактическая нагрузка и предсказуемость расходов. Инвестиционная привлекательность и управление — простота привлечения инвесторов, выпуска долей/акций и структурирования контроля. Sp. z o. o. — стандартная форма общества с ограниченной ответственностью Sp. z o. o. — это хозяйственное общество, регулируемое Торговым кодексом Польши (Kodeks spółek handlowych – KSH) . Эта форма широко используется в торговле, сфере услуг, а также в качестве холдинговой или операционной компании в группах. Ключевые характеристики Ограниченная ответственность — как правило, участники не отвечают по обязательствам компании (положения KSH о Sp. z o. o. ) . Модель управления через правление — текущее... --- - Published: 2026-02-11 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/%d0%b0%d0%b4%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%81-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5-%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%80%d1%82%d1%83%d0%b0%d0%bb/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cce83648bc Адрес компании в Польше — это место, используемое для идентификации компании в юридических и коммерческих отношениях, а также для получения официальной корреспонденции. На практике бизнес обычно оперирует двумя понятиями: юридический адрес (siedziba), понимаемый как населённый пункт (город), указанный в учредительных документах компании, и фактический / операционный адрес, используемый для повседневной деятельности и доставки. Выбор между решением виртуальный офис в Польше для компании и реальным офисом — это не просто административный вопрос: он напрямую влияет на комплаенс, банковское обслуживание, налоговые риски и деловую репутацию. Настоящая статья носит информационный характер и не является юридической консультацией. Оптимальное решение всегда зависит от фактических обстоятельств, включая бизнес-модель, масштаб деятельности, а также ожидания банков и государственных органов. Юридический адрес компании в Польше — требования законодательства Польское законодательство обязывает компании раскрывать и своевременно обновлять адресные данные в Национальном судебном реестре (KRS). Для обществ с ограниченной ответственностью (sp. z o. o. ) и акционерных обществ (S. A. ) в уставе указывается юридический адрес как населённый пункт, а в записи KRS дополнительно фиксируется почтовый адрес компании (adres), а при необходимости — адрес для вручения корреспонденции (adres do doręczeń) и иные контактные данные. Ключевые обязанности включают: Корректную регистрацию и обновление данных в KRS в соответствии с Законом о Национальном судебном реестре . Обеспечение эффективного получения судебной и административной корреспонденции — неполучение писем может повлечь процессуальные последствия (например, пропуск сроков). Согласованность адресных данных в налоговых, банковских и корпоративных документах. В трансграничных структурах выбор адреса также оценивается с точки зрения AML (противодействие отмыванию денег) и наличия «substance» (реального присутствия), особенно если польская... --- - Published: 2026-02-10 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/choosing-the-right-legal-form-sp-z-o-o-vs-psa-vs-sole-trader/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cce4b15251 Choosing a legal form in Poland is the decision that defines how a business is taxed, how liability is allocated, how governance works, and how investors and banks will assess risk. For international founders, the practical choice usually narrows to a limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością - Sp. z o. o. ), a simple joint-stock company (prosta spółka akcyjna - PSA), or operating as a sole trader (jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza - JDG). This overview is prepared by Lawyersinpoland. com by Kopeć & Zaborowski to help international clients compare options using legal and operational criteria relevant for doing business in Poland. Legal forms Poland business: what drives the choice The “best company type Poland for foreigners” depends on the factual situation, including planned revenue, risk profile, need for external financing, expected number of founders, and exit strategy. In practice, three questions tend to be decisive: Liability - whether business risks may affect private assets. Taxation and social contributions - effective burden and predictability of costs. Investability and governance - ease of bringing in shareholders, issuing shares, and structuring control. Sp. z o. o. - the standard limited liability vehicle A Sp. z o. o. is a capital company regulated in the Polish Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych - KSH) . It is commonly used for trading, services, and as a holding or operating company in group structures. Key characteristics Limited liability - as a rule, shareholders are not liable for company debts (KSH provisions on Sp. z o.... --- - Published: 2026-02-09 - Modified: 2026-02-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/branch-vs-subsidiary-in-poland-what-foreign-businesses-should-choose/ - Tags: English - : pll_698cce1c8c9f4 A branch in Poland is an organisationally separated part of a foreign company that conducts business in Poland under the foreign company’s name. A subsidiary is a separate Polish legal entity (most often a limited liability company - sp. z o. o. - or a joint-stock company - S. A. ) controlled by the foreign investor. Choosing between a branch Poland vs subsidiary affects liability, governance, tax exposure, reporting, and how business risk is ring-fenced. Branch Poland vs subsidiary: the core legal difference The branch has no separate legal personality under Polish law. In practice, this means the foreign company remains the direct contracting party and bears responsibility for the branch’s obligations. The branch operates based on the foreign entity’s corporate existence and must be registered in the Polish register of entrepreneurs (KRS) under the rules of the Act of 6 March 2018 on the rules of participation of foreign entrepreneurs and other foreign persons in trade on the territory of the Republic of Poland and the Act of 20 August 1997 on the National Court Register . A subsidiary, by contrast, is a Polish company created under the Commercial Companies Code of 15 September 2000 . It enters into contracts in its own name and generally limits shareholder liability (subject to exceptions, including management liability in certain circumstances). When a foreign company branch in Poland is a good fit A foreign company branch in Poland is typically considered when: Speed and operational continuity are priorities - the branch reflects... --- - Published: 2026-02-07 - Modified: 2026-02-11 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/advice/sp-z-o-o-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b5-%d0%be%d0%be%d0%be-%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%8a%d1%8f%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b4%d0%bb%d1%8f-%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%b6%d0%b4/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_698cd9048e56e Sp. z o. o. (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością) — это польская форма общества с ограниченной ответственностью, широко используемая международными основателями для ведения бизнеса в Польше с ограниченной ответственностью участников и гибкой корпоративной структурой. Компания является самостоятельным юридическим лицом, что означает право владеть активами, заключать договоры, нанимать сотрудников и выступать ответчиком в суде от собственного имени. Данная статья опубликована Lawyersinpoland. com юридической фирмой Kopeć & Zaborowski и носит исключительно информационный характер; она не является юридической консультацией. Правильный выбор структуры и соблюдение требований законодательства зависят от конкретной бизнес-модели, отраслевого регулирования, а также налоговых и корпоративных предпосылок, принятых основателем. Почему международные основатели выбирают sp. z o. o. Польское ООО (sp. z o. o. ) часто выбирают для выхода на рынок Польши, поскольку оно сочетает деловую репутацию в коммерческих отношениях с ограничением рисков. Как правило, участники не отвечают по обязательствам компании, что является ключевым отличием по сравнению с ведением деятельности в статусе индивидуального предпринимателя. С практической точки зрения sp. z o. o. обычно используется, когда: необходимо разделить личные и бизнес-риски; проект предполагает масштабирование (инвесторы, несколько участников, групповые структуры); для найма персонала и заключения договоров требуется «стандартный» корпоративный контрагент; лицензирование, тендеры или контрагенты ожидают компанию, а не индивидуального предпринимателя. Регистрация польского ООО (sp z oo): ключевые юридические элементы Требования к sp z oo: участники, устав и юридический адрес Sp. z o. o. может быть учреждена одним или несколькими участниками. Однако, как правило, sp. z o. o. не может быть создана единственным участником, который сам является sp. z o. o. с одним участником (законодательное ограничение, направленное... --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-02-02 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/management-board-liability-in-poland-what-foreign-directors-must-know/ - Tags: English Management Board Liability in Poland: What Foreign Directors Must Know Management board liability in Poland means that members of a company’s management board can be held personally responsible for damages, administrative sanctions, and in some cases criminal consequences arising from the way the company is managed, even though the company is a separate legal entity. For foreign directors, the key business issue is predictability - Polish law sets several “trigger points” where liability can move from the company to individuals, especially during financial distress, tax and social security arrears, and compliance breaches. Who is a “management board member” and why the risk is personal In Polish limited liability companies (sp. z o. o. ), the management board (zarząd) conducts the company’s affairs and represents it. The core framework for duties and civil liability is set by the Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych) . Even when day-to-day work is delegated internally, board members remain responsible for ensuring that the company is managed with due diligence and loyalty to the company. From a risk management perspective, two features matter: Liability may arise towards the company (internal) and towards creditors or authorities (external). Foreign residence does not eliminate exposure - liability is tied to holding the function and acting (or failing to act) while in office. Key sources of director liability Poland: civil, creditor, tax, and criminal exposure Civil liability towards the company (damages) Board members may be liable to the company for damage caused by an act or omission contrary to... --- - Published: 2026-02-02 - Modified: 2026-03-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/starting-an-online-store-in-poland-registration-consumer-law-gdpr-and-tax-basics/ - Tags: English - : pll_69ae8089cff04 Starting an Online Store in Poland: Registration, Consumer Law, GDPR, and Tax Basics An online store in Poland is a form of distance selling where a trader offers goods or digital services to customers through a website or app, and the contract is concluded without the simultaneous physical presence of the parties. From a legal perspective, this typically qualifies as a “distance contract” (when concluded with a consumer) under the Act on Consumer Rights and as a service provided by electronic means under the Act on Providing Services by Electronic Means , which triggers specific registration, consumer protection, data protection, and tax obligations. Business registration and legal structure for e-commerce in Poland Before the first sale, the business model should be aligned with the correct legal form and registration route. Common options include: Sole proprietorship (jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza) registered in CEIDG - often used for small-scale operations and faster start-up. Limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ) registered in the National Court Register (KRS) - frequently chosen for risk management, scalability, and investor-friendly structure. Key legal consequences of structure selection include liability exposure, governance requirements, reporting, and the ability to bring in shareholders. For sp. z o. o. , incorporation requires articles of association and registration in KRS under the Commercial Companies Code . For sole proprietorship, registration is made via CEIDG under the Entrepreneurs’ Law . Depending on the planned activities, additional registrations may be needed, including: VAT registration (mandatory in some cases, including when the business is... --- - Published: 2026-01-31 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/why-start-a-business-in-poland-benefits-for-foreign-investors/ - Tags: English Starting a business in Poland means establishing a commercial presence governed primarily by Polish corporate, tax, labor, and regulatory rules, while benefiting from Poland’s position in the European Union and its access to the EU single market. For foreign investors, the decision typically depends on how quickly operations can be launched, how predictable the legal environment is, and whether the jurisdiction supports long-term growth and risk control. Poland as an EU gateway: market access and legal predictability Poland is an EU Member State, which matters not only commercially but also legally. Many business activities are structured around EU principles such as freedom of establishment and free movement of goods and services. In practice, this can support cross-border expansion, centralizing certain functions in Poland, and building supply chains that serve multiple EU jurisdictions. Legal predictability is also shaped by Poland’s company-law framework and court practice. Key rules for limited liability companies and joint-stock companies are regulated by the Polish Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych) . This act provides the backbone for governance, shareholders’ rights, management board duties, and corporate transformations. Key business benefits for foreign investors 1) Flexible legal forms and scalable corporate structures Foreign investors can typically select from several corporate forms depending on risk appetite, governance preferences, and financing plans. In many international projects, the most common choices are: sp. z o. o. (limited liability company) - often used for subsidiaries and operational entities, S. A. (joint-stock company) - typically considered for larger projects or those anticipating capital-market... --- - Published: 2026-01-26 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/how-to-incorporate-your-business-in-poland-a-foreigners-guide-to-registration-and-taxes/ - Tags: English - : pll_698ccf2032a17 Incorporation in Poland is the legal process of creating a separate legal entity (most often a limited liability company) that can enter into contracts, hire employees, open bank accounts, and be taxed independently from its owners. For foreign entrepreneurs, the core tasks typically include selecting a lawful structure, registering with the Polish court register, setting up tax identifiers and VAT (if required), and arranging ongoing compliance. Who can incorporate a company in Poland as a foreigner Polish law generally allows foreigners to conduct business in Poland either directly (e. g. , as sole traders, depending on residence and permits) or through Polish entities. In practice, international clients most frequently choose a Polish company to separate risk, improve contracting capacity, and streamline operations. The legal ability to incorporate and the optimal structure may depend on nationality (EU/EEA vs. non-EU), residence status, and the intended activity. Sector-specific regulations (e. g. , financial services, transport, energy, defense-related areas) may impose additional licensing or fit-and-proper requirements. Choosing the right legal form: what international businesses most often use The most common choice for foreign investors is a limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością - sp. z o. o. ). It is a separate legal entity under the Commercial Companies Code and is widely accepted by Polish counterparties and banks. Typical structures and business implications Sp. z o. o. (limited liability company) - standard option for subsidiaries and startups; shareholder liability is generally limited; management board runs day-to-day operations. Branch of a foreign company -... --- - Published: 2026-01-25 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/common-mistakes-when-starting-a-business-in-poland-tips-for-foreign-investors/ - Tags: English Starting a business in Poland means establishing a legally compliant operating structure (most often a commercial company), registering it in the relevant registers, and setting up processes that meet Polish requirements on corporate governance, tax, employment, and regulatory compliance. For foreign investors, the most frequent problems are not “formalities” but avoidable structural errors that later translate into delays, disputes, and unexpected liability. 1) Choosing the wrong legal structure for the business model A common mistake is selecting a structure based on familiarity from another jurisdiction rather than Polish rules. One of the most popular vehicles is the limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością - sp. z o. o. ), regulated by the Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych) . However, depending on the plan (holding structure, financing, investor entry, regulated activity), other options may be more suitable. Key risks of a wrong choice include: Limited ability to bring in investors or implement preferred equity-like rights within the chosen form. Governance deadlocks if shareholder arrangements are not aligned with statutory rules. Higher compliance burden than expected (e. g. , certain resolutions, reporting, or audit expectations). Investment structures should be mapped against governance needs, financing plans, dividend policy, and exit scenarios under Polish law, not only under group standards. 2) Treating registration as “done” and ignoring post-registration obligations Foreign founders sometimes assume that a company registered in the National Court Register (KRS) is ready to operate without further steps. In practice, operational readiness requires addressing tax registrations, internal governance, and sometimes... --- - Published: 2026-01-23 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/how-to-incorporate-a-business-in-poland-as-a-foreigner-a-step-by-step-guide/ - Tags: English Incorporating a business in Poland as a foreigner means formally creating a legal entity (or registering a sole trader, where permitted) in Polish public registers so it can lawfully operate, enter contracts, hire staff, open bank accounts, and meet tax and reporting obligations. The process is regulated primarily by the Commercial Companies Code and the National Court Register rules, with additional requirements under tax and AML regulations. Step 1: Confirm whether foreign ownership is restricted As a rule, EU/EEA and Swiss nationals may conduct business in Poland on the same terms as Polish nationals. For non-EU/EEA nationals, the ability to run a sole proprietorship may depend on holding a qualifying residence title in Poland. This assessment is fact-specific and should be verified before selecting the structure, particularly if the plan is a sole trader model rather than a company. Separate restrictions may apply to acquiring real estate by foreigners. Under the Act on Acquisition of Real Estate by Foreigners, a permit may be required in certain scenarios (notably for non-EEA/Swiss entities/persons, depending on the asset and structure). This often becomes relevant if the company will buy land or certain premises as part of market entry. Step 2: Choose the optimal legal structure for Poland Most foreign investors select one of the following options: Limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ) - widely used, relatively flexible, and often preferred for subsidiaries and joint ventures. Joint-stock company (S. A. ) - typically used for larger projects, regulated industries, or when shareholding... --- - Published: 2026-01-21 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/how-to-register-your-company-in-poland-essential-legal-steps-for-foreign-entrepreneurs/ - Tags: English Company registration in Poland is a formal process of creating a legal entity (or setting up a branch) that can conduct business, enter contracts, hire staff, and assume liability under Polish law. For foreign entrepreneurs, the key is selecting the correct legal form and completing filings in the National Court Register (KRS) or, in specific cases, using the online template route (S24), while ensuring tax and regulatory onboarding is handled without disrupting business timelines. 1) Confirm whether the chosen vehicle is available to a foreign entrepreneur Polish rules distinguish between EU/EEA/Swiss entrepreneurs and certain third-country nationals, especially when it comes to sole proprietorships and partnerships. Many foreign investors therefore choose a capital company structure due to predictability and acceptance by banks, counterparties, and regulators. The most common options include: Limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ) - standard choice for operating companies and subsidiaries. Joint-stock company (S. A. ) - used for larger projects, regulated sectors, or capital-market planning. Branch of a foreign company - alternative when operations are limited and the parent prefers not to incorporate a separate Polish entity. As a baseline legal framework, the formation and internal governance of sp. z o. o. and S. A. are governed by the Polish Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych) . 2) Choose the legal form with a clear risk and governance model From a business perspective, the main decision drivers are liability allocation, board responsibility, financing needs, and exit strategy. In a sp. z o. o. , shareholders... --- - Published: 2026-01-20 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/incorporating-a-business-in-poland-how-to-choose-the-right-business-structure-for-foreigners/ - Tags: English Incorporating a business in Poland means selecting a legally recognised form of conducting economic activity and completing the required registration so that the entity can operate, contract, hire staff, pay taxes, and bear liability under Polish law. For foreign founders, the choice of structure determines exposure to personal liability, market credibility, governance rules, available financing options, and the time and cost of setup. Key legal framework for foreigners incorporating in Poland The main rules are set by the Polish Commercial Companies Code and the Entrepreneurs’ Law. Corporate forms (companies) are governed primarily by the Act of 15 September 2000 - Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych) . Sole proprietorship rules and the broader principle of business activity are regulated by the Act of 6 March 2018 - Entrepreneurs’ Law . Registration of companies is made in the National Court Register (KRS) under the Act of 20 August 1997 on the National Court Register . Foreigners from the EU/EEA and Switzerland generally enjoy equal access to Polish business forms. For non-EU/EEA nationals, the available forms can depend on immigration status and specific facts (for example, residence permits). These issues should be assessed case-by-case, as limitations may apply depending on the founder’s status and planned activity. Business structures available in Poland - practical overview Sole proprietorship (jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza) A sole proprietorship is the simplest option operationally and is registered in CEIDG (not KRS). It is frequently chosen for low-risk service activities. The key business downside is unlimited personal liability - the... --- - Published: 2026-01-16 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/pvt-limited-company-registration-in-poland-step-by-step-process-for-international-clients/ - Tags: English A “private limited company” in Poland typically corresponds to a limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, “sp. z o. o. ”) - a separate legal person where shareholders are, as a rule, not liable for the company’s obligations beyond their contributions. This structure is widely used by international groups for market entry, local hiring, contracting with Polish counterparties, and managing operational risk. The main legal framework is the Polish Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych, “KSH”) . The process below focuses on the steps most relevant to foreign shareholders and management, including documentation, timing, and compliance touchpoints. Why a Polish sp. z o. o. is often chosen by international clients A sp. z o. o. combines limited liability, flexible shareholding, and a governance model that is familiar to many jurisdictions. Key business drivers include: Risk containment - separation of assets and liabilities between the company and shareholders (with important exceptions for management board liability discussed below). Contracting credibility - many Polish counterparties prefer contracting with Polish entities for VAT, warranty, and enforcement reasons. Operational continuity - the company continues regardless of shareholder changes. Step-by-step process for registering a private limited company in Poland Step 1: Choose the legal structure and confirm the scope of activity (PKD) Before drafting documents, the intended business model should be mapped to the Polish Classification of Activities (PKD). Selecting PKD codes affects registry filings and may impact licensing or sector-specific compliance. For regulated activities (e. g. , financial services, transport, certain energy segments), additional... --- - Published: 2026-01-14 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/setting-up-a-limited-liability-company-llc-in-poland-what-foreigners-need-to-know/ - Tags: English A limited liability company in Poland - the “spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością” (sp. z o. o. ) - is a separate legal entity regulated primarily by the Polish Commercial Companies Code, where shareholders are generally not liable for the company’s obligations beyond their contributions, and the company operates through its management board. Why a Polish sp. z o. o. is often selected by foreign investors For many international businesses, the sp. z o. o. provides a predictable corporate form for operating in Poland. It is commonly used for subsidiaries, joint ventures, and local operating companies because it combines limited liability with relatively flexible governance. From a business-risk perspective, the key advantage is separation of assets: liabilities typically stay at the company level. However, this does not eliminate all personal exposure - especially for management board members in specific scenarios described in Polish law (see below). Who can set up an LLC in Poland As a rule, foreigners may incorporate and hold shares in a Polish sp. z o. o. There is no general requirement to be a Polish resident to become a shareholder or a management board member. Certain sector-specific rules (for example in regulated industries) may impose additional requirements depending on the factual situation and the type of activity. Foreign shareholders should also consider practicalities such as signing documents abroad, use of powers of attorney, and ensuring corporate documents match Polish formal requirements to avoid delays at registration. Key legal framework and minimum requirements The Polish sp. z o.... --- - Published: 2026-01-13 - Modified: 2026-01-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/starting-a-startup-in-poland-what-foreign-entrepreneurs-need-to-know-about-incorporation/ - Tags: English Incorporation is the formal process of creating a legal entity under Polish law, registering it in the National Court Register (KRS) or another relevant register, and enabling it to operate as a separate subject of rights and obligations. For foreign founders, incorporation choices in Poland directly affect liability, governance, tax exposure, banking, and the ability to hire staff or contract with customers. Why incorporation strategy matters for foreign founders In Poland, many operational steps depend on the chosen legal form - including capital requirements, internal decision-making, public disclosure in KRS, and how investors may enter. Mistakes at incorporation stage often generate avoidable cost later: corporate clean-ups, shareholder disputes, blocked bank onboarding, or inability to close an investment round due to defective corporate documents. Common legal forms for startups in Poland Foreign entrepreneurs most often consider three structures: a limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ), a simple joint-stock company (PSA), or a branch of a foreign company. The right choice depends on business model, fundraising plans, and risk profile. Limited liability company (sp. z o. o. ) A sp. z o. o. is a common Polish startup vehicle. It offers limited liability for shareholders and relatively straightforward governance. Minimum share capital is PLN 5,000 (Commercial Companies Code, Article 154 § 1) . Strengths: market-standard for B2B, predictable governance, well understood by banks and counterparties. Key risk area: management board liability in specific cases, particularly for company debts when enforcement against the company is ineffective, unless statutory conditions for exculpation... --- - Published: 2026-01-11 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/the-complete-guide-to-offshore-company-formation-in-poland-for-foreign-investors/ - Tags: English “Offshore company formation in Poland” is often used by foreign investors to describe setting up a Polish company that is owned and controlled from abroad, with management, holding, or financing functions located outside Poland. In strict legal terms, Poland is not an “offshore” jurisdiction offering ring-fenced, zero-tax corporate regimes for non-residents. Instead, Poland provides standard EU-based corporate forms that can be incorporated by foreign shareholders and, if structured correctly, operated cross-border in a compliant way. This is informational material, not legal advice. The legal consequences depend on the factual situation, including tax residency, place of effective management, business substance, and the company’s operational footprint in Poland and abroad. Is Poland an “offshore” jurisdiction - and what can be done legally? Poland is a mainstream EU jurisdiction with full transparency obligations and access to the EU single market. For foreign investors, “offshore-style” objectives typically mean: Holding Polish assets or EU operations via a Polish entity with foreign ownership. Centralising EU contracting, distribution, or services in Poland. Structuring group financing, IP licensing, or management services with proper transfer pricing and substance. These goals can be achieved lawfully, but require discipline in corporate governance, regulatory compliance, and documentation. Any attempt to simulate economic activity without substance may create tax and criminal exposure. Key corporate vehicles used by foreign investors in Poland Foreign shareholders can incorporate the same company forms as Polish nationals. In practice, the most common options are: Limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością - sp. z o. o. ) -... --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/business-incorporation-services-in-poland-a-complete-guide-for-international-companies/ - Tags: English Business incorporation services in Poland cover the legal and administrative steps required to establish a Polish entity (or register a branch) in a way that is compliant with Polish corporate, tax, and regulatory rules, while also being workable for cross-border governance, banking, contracting, and day-to-day operations. For international companies, the incorporation phase is not only a filing exercise - it determines liability exposure, management rules, profit distribution, reporting duties, and the ability to scale without compliance friction. Why incorporation planning matters for international businesses Poland is an EU jurisdiction with a civil-law corporate framework. Choices made at incorporation can materially affect business continuity and risk, particularly in four areas: Liability and governance - who can bind the company, how decisions are taken, and who is exposed to civil or regulatory claims. Banking and operational readiness - banks often expect clear beneficial ownership documentation and well-drafted corporate resolutions. Tax positioning and reporting - the corporate form drives CIT treatment and the mechanics of profit repatriation. Time-to-market - missing corporate data, incorrect filings, or unclear representation rules can delay registration and contracting. Entity options in Poland: selecting the right structure The most common vehicles for foreign investors are the limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością - sp. z o. o. ) and the joint-stock company (spółka akcyjna - S. A. ). Some groups consider a branch (oddział) where business is an extension of the foreign parent rather than a separate legal person. Sp. z o. o. (limited liability company) Often selected... --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/the-legal-requirements-for-incorporating-a-business-in-poland-as-a-foreigner/ - Tags: English Incorporating a business in Poland as a foreigner means legally establishing a Polish-registered entity (most commonly a limited liability company - sp. z o. o. - or a joint-stock company - S. A. ) or registering another permitted form of economic activity, in a way that allows the business to operate under Polish law, obtain a tax status, and enter into contracts in Poland and the EU. For many international groups, Poland is selected due to EU market access, skilled workforce, and predictable commercial infrastructure. The legal process, however, is formalistic: errors in structure selection, shareholder eligibility, registry filings, or post-registration obligations often lead to delays, additional costs, and (in some cases) personal liability risks for management board members. Who can incorporate a business in Poland as a foreigner The key legal framework for foreign participation is the Act of 6 March 2018 on the rules of participation of foreign entrepreneurs and other foreign persons in trade on the territory of the Republic of Poland . As a rule, EU/EEA/Swiss nationals and entities can conduct business in Poland on the same basis as Polish nationals. For non-EU/EEA/Swiss persons, the available forms may be limited depending on status and circumstances, and often the practical route is to incorporate a capital company (typically a sp. z o. o. ) rather than operate as a sole trader. The detailed eligibility assessment may depend on factual circumstances, including nationality, residence status, and whether business activity is conducted via a Polish company, branch, or representative... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/directors-officers-liability-in-poland-navigating-business-judgment-rule-and-compliance-programs/ - Tags: English In today's complex corporate environment, directors and officers of companies operating in Poland face increasing scrutiny regarding their decision-making processes. The evolution of corporate governance standards in Poland has introduced important legal concepts that both protect and hold accountable those in leadership positions. Among these, the business judgment rule stands as a critical protective mechanism, while properly implemented compliance programs serve as essential risk mitigation tools. For international investors and corporate executives managing Polish entities, understanding the nuances of D&O liability in Poland is not merely beneficial—it's imperative. The legal framework governing directors' responsibilities has undergone significant transformations in recent years, aligning more closely with Western standards while maintaining distinctive Polish characteristics. This dual nature creates both opportunities and potential pitfalls for corporate decision-makers. As regulatory oversight intensifies and shareholders become increasingly vigilant, directors must navigate a landscape where business decisions may be subject to judicial review. This article explores the current state of directors' and officers' liability in Poland, with particular focus on the application of the business judgment rule and the implementation of effective compliance programs as shields against personal liability. What is the Legal Framework for D&O Liability in Poland? The foundation of directors' and officers' liability in Poland rests primarily within the Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych), particularly Articles 293 and 483, which establish the due diligence requirements for board members. These provisions clearly state that directors and officers must perform their duties with professional diligence and may be held personally liable for damages resulting... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/directors-officers-liability-in-poland-navigating-business-judgment-rule-and-compliance-programs-2/ - Tags: English In today's complex corporate environment, directors and officers of companies operating in Poland face increasing scrutiny regarding their decision-making processes. The evolution of corporate governance standards in Poland has introduced important legal concepts that both protect and hold accountable those in leadership positions. Among these, the business judgment rule stands as a critical protective mechanism, while properly implemented compliance programs serve as essential risk mitigation tools. For international investors and corporate executives managing Polish entities, understanding the nuances of D&O liability in Poland is not merely beneficial—it's imperative. The legal framework governing directors' responsibilities has undergone significant transformations in recent years, aligning more closely with Western standards while maintaining distinctive Polish characteristics. This dual nature creates both opportunities and potential pitfalls for corporate decision-makers. As regulatory oversight intensifies and shareholders become increasingly vigilant, directors must navigate a landscape where business decisions may be subject to judicial review. This article explores the current state of directors' and officers' liability in Poland, with particular focus on the application of the business judgment rule and the implementation of effective compliance programs as shields against personal liability. What is the Legal Framework for D&O Liability in Poland? The foundation of directors' and officers' liability in Poland rests primarily within the Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych), particularly Articles 293 and 483, which establish the due diligence requirements for board members. These provisions clearly state that directors and officers must perform their duties with professional diligence and may be held personally liable for damages resulting... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/cross-border-mergers-in-poland-comprehensive-guide-to-timeline-creditor-protection-and-tax-implications/ - Tags: English In today's globalized economy, cross-border mergers have become an essential strategic tool for companies seeking to expand their international presence. For businesses considering structural changes involving Polish entities, understanding the legal framework governing these complex transactions is crucial for success. The Polish legal system offers a comprehensive set of regulations aligned with EU directives that facilitate cross-border reorganizations while providing necessary safeguards for stakeholders. As an international business contemplating a cross-border merger with a Polish company, you'll need to navigate through specific procedural requirements, creditor protection mechanisms, and tax implications. This process, while methodical, contains numerous potential pitfalls that can significantly impact transaction costs and timeline if not properly managed. According to recent statistics, cross-border transactions involving Polish entities have increased by 27% in the last three years, reflecting Poland's growing importance in the European business landscape. This article provides a detailed roadmap for navigating cross-border mergers under Polish law, with particular focus on protecting creditor interests and optimizing tax outcomes. Whether you're considering a merger, division or conversion involving Polish companies, the following guide will help you understand the critical legal aspects and procedural requirements to ensure a successful transaction. What Legal Framework Governs Cross-Border Mergers in Poland? The Polish legal system regulates cross-border mergers primarily through the Commercial Companies Code (KSH), specifically Articles 5161-51620, which implement the EU Cross-Border Mergers Directive (2005/56/EC, later replaced by Directive 2017/1132). This framework was further enhanced in 2022 with the implementation of EU Directive 2019/2121 on cross-border conversions, mergers, and divisions, expanding... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/internal-corporate-investigations-in-poland-legal-framework-employee-rights-and-cross%e2%80%91border-evidence-handling/ - Tags: English Internal corporate investigations in Poland are no longer a rare crisis response tool; they have become a standard element of compliance and risk management for international groups operating in the Polish market. Regulatory scrutiny, whistleblowing mechanisms and cross‑border flows of data and evidence mean that Polish entities must investigate alleged misconduct in a way that is both effective and legally robust. For foreign investors and multinational corporations, the Polish legal environment can be challenging. There is no single “Internal Investigations Act”, yet a complex mosaic of labour law, data protection, criminal law and sector‑specific regulations effectively shapes how internal inquiries must be designed and conducted. Any misstep may not only undermine the evidentiary value of the findings, but also expose the company to employee claims, GDPR penalties or even allegations of obstructing justice. This article provides a structured overview of internal corporate investigations in Poland, with a focus on the legal framework, employee rights and the practicalities of cross‑border evidence handling. It is intended for international counsel, compliance officers and board members who require a clear, reliable and practitioner‑oriented guide to conducting investigations that will withstand scrutiny by courts, regulators and shareholders. What is the legal framework for internal corporate investigations in Poland? Poland has no dedicated statute on internal corporate investigations. Instead, companies must navigate a combination of the Polish Labour Code, the Polish Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, GDPR and sectoral regulations (e. g. financial services, public companies). This fragmented legal framework requires careful mapping at... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/polish-group-companies-and-holding-law-in-practice-managing-intragroup-instructions-and-directors-duties/ - Tags: English Poland has recently introduced a modern framework for group companies and holding law, designed to reflect how international corporate structures actually operate. For foreign investors, this is an opportunity to bring Polish subsidiaries closer to global governance standards – but also a source of new risks if intragroup instructions and directors’ duties are not handled correctly in practice. In cross-border structures, a Polish company is often expected to follow decisions taken by a foreign parent or holding entity. At the same time, Polish law has traditionally emphasised the autonomy of each company’s management board and its strict duty to act in the company’s best interest. The new rules on Polish group companies and holding law are meant to bridge this tension – yet they require conscious implementation, clear documentation and careful risk allocation. As a corporate and international lawyer working with foreign investors, I see that many groups underestimate the legal complexity behind “simple” internal instructions. This article explains how the new framework works, what it means for directors’ liability, and how to organise intragroup instructions so that they are enforceable, compliant and defensible towards minority shareholders and creditors. What is a “group of companies” under Polish holding law? The current Polish holding law introduces a statutory concept of a group of companies (in Polish: “grupa spółek”). It is based on a relationship of dominance and dependence between the parent company and its subsidiaries, combined with a common interest pursued in a coordinated manner. This is different from a purely... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/shadow-directors-and-de-facto-managers-in-poland-liability-risks-for-sponsors-and-investors/ - Tags: English In cross-border transactions involving Polish companies, foreign sponsors and investors often assume that only formally appointed management board members bear legal responsibility. Under Polish corporate and insolvency law, this assumption is dangerously incomplete. Individuals who effectively steer the company’s affairs from the background – so‑called shadow directors and de facto managers – may, in certain situations, be exposed to personal liability similar to that of official directors. While the terms “shadow director” and “de facto manager” are not expressly defined in Polish statutes, they are increasingly used in legal practice, doctrine and contractual risk allocation. Polish courts and regulators focus on the substance of control and decision‑making rather than formal titles. This has direct implications for private equity funds, majority shareholders, distressed debt investors and strategic sponsors who actively influence the operations of Polish portfolio companies. This article provides a structured overview of shadow director liability in Poland, with a particular focus on risks for international investors. Drawing on statutory provisions, court practice and comparative concepts, I outline who might be treated as a de facto manager, in which scenarios liability arises, and how sponsors can design their governance and monitoring structures to remain within a safe zone of influence. Does Polish law recognise shadow directors and de facto managers? Polish corporate legislation, in particular the Commercial Companies Code (Kodeks spółek handlowych – KSH), does not explicitly regulate “shadow directors” or “de facto managers”. The binding legal framework is built around formal corporate bodies such as the management board (zarząd),... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/management-board-mismanagement-offence-art-296-polish-penal-code-defence-strategies-in-business-crime-cases/ - Tags: English Criminal liability of management board members in Poland has become a central topic for both domestic companies and foreign investors. The Polish mismanagement offence regulated in Article 296 of the Polish Penal Code is increasingly used by prosecutors in complex business crime investigations. For international groups operating in Poland, understanding the practical scope of this provision – and the available defence strategies in business crime cases – is critical for effective risk management. From the perspective of corporate governance, the management board mismanagement offence sits at the intersection of criminal law, company law and compliance. It covers a wide range of conduct – from obviously fraudulent actions to borderline business decisions later criticised as “uneconomic”. This ambiguity generates uncertainty for honest managers, supervisory boards and investors. At the same time, it offers a powerful tool for tackling real abuses of corporate powers. As a lawyer supporting foreign investors in Poland, my aim in this article is to provide a structured, practice-oriented overview of Article 296 Polish Penal Code, focusing on when criminal liability arises, how prosecutors build their cases, and – most importantly – which defence strategies are most effective in management board mismanagement prosecutions. The analysis is relevant for management boards, counsel and compliance officers in Polish companies, as well as investors contemplating transactions on the Polish market. What is the management board mismanagement offence under Article 296 Polish Penal Code? Article 296 of the Polish Penal Code (Kodeks karny) criminalises mismanagement by persons entrusted with handling the business... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/post-termination-non-compete-and-non-solicitation-agreements-for-managers-in-poland-enforceability-and-compensation/ - Tags: English Foreign investors and corporate groups operating in Poland increasingly rely on post‑termination non-compete and non-solicitation agreements for managers to protect know-how, client relationships and strategic plans. At the same time, the Polish legislator and courts have tightened the framework of what is legally acceptable, particularly regarding enforceability and mandatory compensation. A clause that would be standard in London or New York may be partially or completely invalid in Warsaw. This creates a strategic tension: international employers want robust protection, while Polish law places clear limits on post‑termination restrictions. Well-drafted restrictive covenants can still be a powerful management tool, but only if they are adapted to the specific Polish employment and civil law regime. Careless “copy–paste” of global templates often results in clauses that look sophisticated on paper yet fail when tested before a Polish court. In this article, I outline the key legal rules and practical pitfalls regarding non-compete and non-solicitation clauses for managers in Poland, with particular attention to compensation requirements, scope and duration, and recent trends in case law. The text is written for international HR and legal teams, board members and investors who need a clear and reliable overview rather than purely academic analysis. What is a post-termination non-compete agreement for managers under Polish law? Under Polish law, a post-termination non-compete agreement for managers is a contract that prohibits a former manager from conducting activities that compete with the employer’s business after the employment or management relationship ends. In practice, this concerns C‑level executives, managing directors, board... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/remote-and-cross-border-work-in-poland-labour-law-tax-residency-and-permanent-establishment-risks/ - Tags: English Remote and cross-border work has become a standard element of international business models. Foreign companies now routinely engage Polish professionals who work entirely online, often without any formal Polish entity. While this offers flexibility and access to talent, it also raises complex questions under Polish labour law, tax residency rules and the risk of creating a permanent establishment in Poland. From the perspective of foreign employers, a single remote worker in Poland may appear legally insignificant. In practice, however, Polish and international regulations (including double tax treaties and OECD standards) can treat such arrangements as the starting point for local employer obligations, reporting duties and even corporate income tax exposure. Misjudging those risks may lead to unexpected liabilities, audits and penalties – not only in Poland, but also in the company’s home jurisdiction. As a Polish corporate and international lawyer working with foreign investors, I see a recurring pattern: remote hiring decisions taken by HR or line managers without consulting legal and tax advisors at an early stage. The purpose of this article is to provide a clear, structured overview of the main issues related to remote and cross-border work in Poland, focusing on labour law compliance, tax residency of employees and individuals, and the assessment and mitigation of permanent establishment (PE) risks. How does Polish labour law apply to remote workers based in Poland? Polish law distinguishes between genuine employment relationships (based on an employment contract) and civil law contracts (such as B2B agreements with sole traders). For remote... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/data-breach-response-in-poland-in-2025-coordinating-gdpr-nis2-and-sector-specific-notification-duties/ - Tags: English Effective data breach response in Poland in 2025 is no longer a matter of internal IT hygiene – it is a complex legal obligation sitting at the intersection of GDPR, the new NIS2 regime and a growing number of sector‑specific notification duties. Foreign investors and international groups operating in Poland increasingly face parallel reporting lines to the President of the Personal Data Protection Office (UODO), sector regulators and cybersecurity authorities. Mismanaging this coordination can turn a technical incident into a multi‑front regulatory and reputational crisis. For boards, compliance officers and in‑house counsel, the key challenge is no longer just “Do we have a breach? ” but rather “Which rules apply, in what order, to which entity within our group, and how quickly must we act? ”. This requires a clear, pre‑defined incident response framework that integrates GDPR breach notification with NIS2 incident reporting and local Polish sectoral regulations in finance, energy, healthcare, telecoms and other regulated industries. Drawing on practical experience supporting international investors in Poland, this article provides a structured overview of how to coordinate these legal regimes in 2025. The focus is on governance, timelines, documentation standards and cross‑border aspects relevant to multinational groups. The aim is not only legal compliance, but also preservation of evidence for potential regulatory investigations, civil claims and insurance coverage. How do GDPR and NIS2 interact in Polish data breach response? The GDPR and the NIS2 Directive, as implemented in Poland, pursue related but distinct objectives. GDPR focuses on the protection of personal... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/eu-ai-act-readiness-in-poland-governance-risk-management-and-contract-clauses-for-ai-systems/ - Tags: English The EU AI Act will fundamentally reshape how companies design, procure and deploy AI systems across the European Union. For organisations operating in or entering the Polish market, the regulation is not only a matter of legal compliance, but also a strategic question of trust, competitiveness and cross‑border scalability. Businesses that prepare early will be better positioned to negotiate with partners, withstand regulatory scrutiny and leverage AI safely at scale. Poland is already a regional hub for technology, shared service centres and R&D units of international groups. This makes EU AI Act readiness in Poland particularly pressing. Multinational investors expect consistent AI governance frameworks, robust risk management and clear contract clauses for AI systems that work seamlessly across jurisdictions. Aligning Polish operations with these expectations requires a structured legal and organisational response, not just technical adjustments. As a corporate and international lawyer supporting foreign investors in Poland, I see that many boards still underestimate the scope of the forthcoming obligations. The Act reaches deep into procurement policies, vendor management, internal control systems and contractual risk allocation. Below I outline the key aspects of EU AI Act readiness in Poland – from governance and risk management to practical drafting of AI system contract clauses – that every organisation should address now. What does the EU AI Act mean for companies operating in Poland? The EU AI Act introduces a risk‑based regulatory framework for AI systems, applying to providers, deployers, distributors and importers, regardless of whether they are EU‑ or non‑EU‑based, as... --- - Published: 2025-12-22 - Modified: 2025-12-22 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/trade-secrets-protection-in-poland-contractual-and-organisational-safeguards-for-employers/ - Tags: English Protecting trade secrets in Poland has become a strategic priority for both domestic and foreign investors. In an economy driven by innovation, sensitive data, algorithms, client lists and manufacturing processes can be more valuable than physical assets. At the same time, increased employee mobility, remote work and cross-border cooperation significantly raise the risk of unlawful disclosure or misappropriation of confidential information. Polish law offers a robust, EU‑harmonised framework for trade secret protection, but achieving effective compliance requires more than just correct legal definitions. Employers operating in Poland must combine contractual safeguards with well‑designed organisational measures and technical security. Only this integrated approach meets the expectations of courts, regulators and international counterparties – and ultimately determines whether sensitive know‑how will be protected in practice. As a corporate and international lawyer advising foreign investors, I see one recurring pattern: companies often invest heavily in technology, yet underestimate the importance of precise confidentiality clauses, internal procedures and evidence‑friendly documentation. The following guide explains how to build a coherent system of trade secrets protection in Poland, aligned with EU standards and compatible with global compliance policies. What is a trade secret under Polish and EU law? Under Polish law, aligned with the EU Trade Secrets Directive (2016/943), a trade secret is any technical, technological, organisational or other information of economic value that is not generally known or easily accessible and in respect of which the holder has taken reasonable steps to keep it confidential. This definition is implemented primarily in the Polish Act on... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/corporate-criminal-liability-in-poland-prevention-and-defense-strategies-for-international-businesses/ - Tags: English In Poland's evolving legal landscape, the concept of corporate criminal liability has undergone significant transformation in recent years. As international businesses increasingly establish operations in this strategic Central European market, understanding the unique aspects of corporate criminal responsibility under Polish law becomes essential. The consequences of criminal proceedings against a corporate entity can be devastating – from substantial financial penalties to severe reputational damage and operational restrictions. My experience working with foreign investors has shown that many international businesses enter the Polish market without a comprehensive understanding of their potential criminal exposure. This knowledge gap creates unnecessary vulnerability, especially considering that Polish prosecutors have become increasingly focused on corporate wrongdoing in recent years. The good news is that with proper legal guidance and preventive measures, companies can significantly reduce their risk profile while operating successfully within Poland's business environment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of corporate criminal liability in Poland, focusing on both preventive measures and defense strategies that international businesses should consider when operating in the Polish market. We'll examine the legal framework, identify high-risk areas, and outline practical approaches to mitigating legal exposure. How is Corporate Criminal Liability Defined Under Polish Law? The cornerstone of corporate criminal liability in Poland is the Act on Liability of Collective Entities for Acts Prohibited Under Penalty (the "Act"), which came into force in 2002. This legislation establishes that collective entities – including commercial companies, organizations, and even entities without legal personality – can bear criminal responsibility for certain... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/polish-fdi-screening-navigating-the-act-on-control-of-certain-investments-for-non-eu-buyers/ - Tags: English In recent years, Poland has joined the growing global trend of implementing robust foreign direct investment (FDI) screening mechanisms. As international capital flows continue to shape the Polish economy, the government has established a comprehensive legal framework to protect strategic sectors while maintaining an open business environment. The Act on Control of Certain Investments, introduced in 2015 and significantly expanded in 2020, represents Poland's response to increasing concerns about foreign takeovers of sensitive industries, particularly from non-EU investors. For international investors eyeing Polish assets, understanding this regulatory landscape has become essential to successful transaction planning. The screening mechanism creates an additional layer of compliance requirements that can significantly impact investment timelines, deal structures, and even the feasibility of certain acquisitions. With potential fines reaching up to PLN 50 million and criminal sanctions including imprisonment of up to 5 years for violations, the stakes for investors have never been higher. This comprehensive guide aims to navigate the complexities of the Polish FDI screening regime, providing foreign investors with practical insights into the scope, procedures, and strategic considerations needed to successfully complete transactions subject to this oversight. Whether you're planning a greenfield investment or considering an acquisition of a Polish company, mastering these regulations is now a critical component of your investment strategy. What is the Polish Act on Control of Certain Investments? The Polish Act on Control of Certain Investments (the "Act") establishes a national security review system for foreign investments in strategic sectors of the Polish economy. Initially introduced in... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/mica-readiness-in-poland-navigating-crypto-asset-licensing-and-regulation-under-knf-oversight/ - Tags: English The cryptocurrency landscape in Europe is undergoing a significant transformation with the introduction of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA). For crypto businesses operating in Poland, understanding the regulatory framework supervised by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) has become essential for maintaining compliant operations. As Poland positions itself within the EU's harmonized approach to crypto regulation, businesses face new challenges in licensing requirements, whitepaper preparation, and marketing practices. The implementation of MiCA in Poland represents a watershed moment for the country's crypto ecosystem. With the KNF taking a central role in overseeing compliance, crypto-asset service providers must navigate complex regulatory requirements while adapting their business models. This comprehensive regulatory shift demands thorough preparation, especially for companies seeking to obtain proper licensing and authorization under the new regime. What is MiCA and How Does it Apply to Poland's Crypto Market? MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation) represents the European Union's comprehensive regulatory framework designed to govern crypto-assets and their service providers across all member states. As an EU regulation, MiCA applies directly to Poland without requiring separate national legislation, creating a harmonized approach to crypto regulation throughout the European market. In Poland, MiCA establishes clear categorization for different types of crypto-assets, including asset-referenced tokens, e-money tokens, and utility tokens. Each category faces specific regulatory requirements, with the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) serving as the primary regulatory body overseeing compliance with these new standards. The regulation aims to protect consumers while supporting innovation within clear boundaries, addressing previous regulatory gaps that... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/navigating-permanent-establishment-risks-and-withholding-tax-obligations-for-foreign-businesses-in-poland/ - Tags: English In today's globalized economy, more foreign companies are expanding their operations into Poland without fully understanding the potential tax implications. As Poland continues to strengthen its position as a business hub in Central and Eastern Europe, international businesses face complex tax challenges, particularly regarding permanent establishment and withholding tax obligations. The consequences of overlooking these tax aspects can be significant, potentially resulting in double taxation, unexpected tax liabilities, and penalties. The Polish tax authorities have intensified their scrutiny of foreign entities operating within Polish borders, with particular attention to companies employing remote teams or conducting extensive business activities without a formal legal presence. This increased vigilance coincides with Poland's implementation of OECD recommendations and EU tax directives, creating a more sophisticated tax environment that demands professional attention. Understanding these tax obligations is not merely a compliance issue—it's a strategic business consideration that can substantially impact your bottom line and operational structure in Poland. What Constitutes a Permanent Establishment in Poland? A permanent establishment (PE) in Poland is generally defined as a fixed place of business through which a foreign entity wholly or partly conducts its business activities. This concept aligns with the OECD Model Tax Convention, which Poland follows in its double tax treaties. The Polish Corporate Income Tax Act provides similar definitions, though specific interpretations may vary depending on the applicable tax treaty. Typical examples of permanent establishments include offices, branches, factories, workshops, and places of management. However, the definition extends beyond physical locations. A permanent establishment may arise... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/uokik-dawn-raids-legal-privilege-forensic-imaging-and-defensible-response-protocols/ - Tags: English In recent years, the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) has significantly intensified its enforcement activities, with dawn raids becoming an increasingly common investigative tool. These unannounced inspections can be a jarring experience for any business, often leaving corporate executives scrambling to respond appropriately while protecting their company's legal rights. The intersection between UOKiK's broad investigative powers and the concept of legal professional privilege creates a particularly complex landscape for companies operating in Poland. As a corporate lawyer working with international investors in Poland, I've observed firsthand how unprepared many organizations are for these intrusive procedures. The stakes are exceptionally high—improper handling of a dawn raid can lead to substantial fines, reputational damage, and even criminal liability for obstruction. Meanwhile, the protection of legally privileged materials during these inspections remains a challenging area that requires expert navigation of Polish legal frameworks that differ significantly from common law jurisdictions. This comprehensive guide aims to equip businesses with the knowledge and protocols necessary to manage UOKiK dawn raids effectively while preserving legal privilege and ensuring compliance with Polish competition law. Understanding these procedures is not merely a legal precaution—it's an essential component of corporate risk management in the Polish business environment. What Powers Does UOKiK Have During a Dawn Raid? UOKiK inspectors possess extensive authority during dawn raids, allowing them to enter business premises without prior notice. They can search offices, access electronic devices, and examine both physical and digital documents. Under the Polish Competition Act, inspectors may also make... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/csrd-implementation-in-poland-double-materiality-assessment-and-compliance-challenges-for-non-eu-parent-companies/ - Tags: English The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) represents one of the most significant shifts in corporate reporting requirements within the European Union in recent years. For international businesses with operations in Poland, understanding the intricacies of this directive has become a matter of urgent strategic importance. The implementation of CSRD introduces comprehensive sustainability reporting obligations, with the concept of double materiality standing as its cornerstone principle. As Poland integrates the CSRD requirements into its national legislation, companies with Polish subsidiaries but non-EU parent groups face particular challenges in determining their scope of obligations. The interplay between EU regulations and third-country corporate structures creates a complex regulatory environment that demands specialized legal expertise. This article examines the critical aspects of CSRD implementation in Poland, with particular focus on scoping requirements, double materiality assessments, and the new assurance mandates that will affect international business operations. What is CSRD and How Does it Apply to Companies Operating in Poland? The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive represents the EU's ambitious framework designed to enhance corporate transparency regarding social and environmental impacts. It substantially expands the previous Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD), bringing approximately 50,000 companies within its scope across the EU - a significant increase from the 11,000 previously subject to reporting requirements. For entities operating in Poland, the CSRD introduces mandatory sustainability reporting in alignment with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). These comprehensive standards require disclosure across environmental, social, governance, and economic dimensions. The directive's phased implementation begins with large public-interest entities already subject to... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/public-procurement-remedies-before-the-national-appeals-chamber-kio-strategy-and-evidence/ - Tags: English In the complex landscape of Polish public procurement, the National Appeals Chamber (Krajowa Izba Odwoławcza, KIO) plays a pivotal role as the first-instance body for procurement disputes. For foreign investors and contractors participating in Polish tenders, understanding the appeal process can make the difference between losing a valuable contract and successfully challenging an unfair decision. With over €50 billion spent annually on public procurement in Poland, the stakes are exceptionally high. As a lawyer who has represented numerous international clients before the KIO, I've observed that many foreign contractors struggle with the procedural nuances and strict deadlines that characterize the Polish public procurement appeal system. The process requires not only legal expertise but also strategic foresight and thorough preparation of evidence. A well-structured appeal can overturn unfavorable decisions, while procedural errors can lead to immediate dismissal—regardless of the substantive merits of your case. This comprehensive guide aims to equip foreign bidders and their representatives with practical knowledge about navigating the KIO appeal procedure effectively. We will explore the essential strategic considerations, evidence-gathering techniques, and procedural requirements that will maximize your chances of success before this specialized judicial body. What is the National Appeals Chamber (KIO) and What Role Does It Play? The National Appeals Chamber (KIO) is a specialized quasi-judicial body established under the Polish Public Procurement Law to resolve disputes arising from public procurement procedures. It functions as the first-instance authority for reviewing complaints against contracting authorities' decisions. The KIO's decisions are legally binding but can be further appealed... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/advanced-transfer-pricing-in-poland-local-file-master-file-and-tpr-c-analytics-for-2025/ - Tags: English As we approach 2025, the transfer pricing landscape in Poland continues to evolve with increasing complexity and regulatory scrutiny. For multinational entities operating in Poland, staying ahead of these changes is not merely a compliance necessity but a strategic imperative. The Polish tax authorities have significantly enhanced their analytical capabilities, particularly through the implementation of the TPR-C reporting mechanism, making transfer pricing documentation more critical than ever before. Recent amendments to Polish tax legislation have introduced more stringent requirements for transfer pricing documentation, specifically regarding Local File and Master File preparation, as well as the detailed information required in TPR-C forms. These changes reflect Poland's commitment to implementing BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) initiatives and aligning with international standards while maintaining its unique regulatory approach. For foreign investors and multinational companies, understanding these nuances is essential to navigate the Polish tax landscape successfully. What Are the Key Changes to Transfer Pricing Regulations in Poland for 2025? The Polish transfer pricing regulations for 2025 incorporate several significant modifications that multinational entities must be aware of. First, the threshold requirements for documentation have been revised, with adjustments to the transaction value thresholds that trigger mandatory documentation. This modification aims to align Poland's transfer pricing framework more closely with European standards while maintaining robust reporting requirements. Additionally, the Polish Ministry of Finance has enhanced the analytical aspects of the TPR-C form, requiring more detailed information about functional analyses and comparability factors. These changes reflect a broader trend toward substance-based evaluation of controlled... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/gdpr-compliance-in-poland-navigating-employee-monitoring-biometric-data-and-byod-policies/ - Tags: English In today's digital workplace environment, employers in Poland face a complex regulatory landscape when implementing employee monitoring systems, biometric controls, and BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policies. As a corporate lawyer working with international investors entering the Polish market, I regularly encounter companies struggling to balance legitimate business interests with strict data protection requirements established under the GDPR and Polish Labour Law. The stakes are particularly high in this domain - with Polish data protection authorities increasingly scrutinizing workplace surveillance practices and potential fines reaching up to €20 million or 4% of global annual turnover. For foreign investors, understanding these nuanced legal requirements is not just about compliance but represents a critical business risk management strategy when operating in Poland. This comprehensive guide aims to navigate the intricate legal framework governing employee monitoring in Poland, with special focus on biometric data processing and BYOD policies - areas where my international clients frequently encounter compliance challenges. Let's explore the essential legal considerations, practical implementation steps, and best practices to ensure your business operations remain both efficient and compliant with Polish data protection standards. What Legal Framework Governs Employee Monitoring in Poland? The legal landscape for workplace monitoring in Poland is primarily shaped by two key regulatory frameworks: the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Polish Labour Code. The GDPR establishes the overarching principles for personal data processing, while the Polish Labour Code provides specific provisions related to employee monitoring in Articles 22² to 22⁴. In 2019, Poland implemented significant... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/omnibus-directive-in-poland-new-price-reduction-rules-and-consumer-protection-standards/ - Tags: English The implementation of the Omnibus Directive in Poland has marked a significant shift in consumer protection regulations, particularly concerning price reduction practices and transparency in e-commerce. As a corporate lawyer regularly advising international businesses entering the Polish market, I've observed the substantial impact these new regulations have had on both merchants and consumers since their introduction. The directive aims to ensure fairness, transparency, and consistency across EU markets, with Poland adopting specific implementation measures that businesses operating in the country must now navigate. The changes are particularly noticeable in how retailers must present price reductions, manage customer reviews, and avoid misleading commercial practices known as dark patterns. International companies entering the Polish market face a new regulatory landscape that requires careful compliance strategies and updated commercial policies. Failure to align with these regulations not only risks financial penalties but can also damage brand reputation in a market that's increasingly sensitive to consumer rights. What is the Omnibus Directive and How Does it Affect Polish Businesses? The Omnibus Directive (Directive 2019/2161) is part of the "New Deal for Consumers" initiative by the European Union. It amends several existing consumer protection directives to strengthen enforcement and modernize rules in the digital age. Poland implemented this directive through amendments to the Act on Consumer Rights and other relevant legislation, with the changes taking effect on January 1, 2023. For businesses operating in Poland, the directive introduces stricter requirements regarding price transparency, consumer information, and unfair commercial practices. Companies must now adapt their marketing... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/securing-claims-in-poland-ex-parte-interim-measures-and-asset-freezes/ - Tags: English In today's global business environment, protecting your interests during legal disputes in Poland requires swift and decisive action. When facing potential asset dissipation or other threats to your claims, understanding the Polish legal framework for interim measures becomes crucial for international investors and businesses. The Polish civil procedure offers effective tools for securing claims through ex parte proceedings and asset freezes, providing essential protection before final judgments are rendered. As an attorney regularly advising foreign clients navigating the Polish legal system, I've witnessed firsthand how properly implemented interim measures can significantly impact case outcomes. Polish courts have developed a sophisticated approach to balancing the interests of claimants seeking security against those of respondents defending their property rights. This delicate equilibrium is achieved through specific procedural requirements, including the provision of security bonds that protect defendants from potential damages resulting from unjustified injunctions. This comprehensive guide walks you through the procedural aspects, requirements, and strategic considerations for obtaining interim relief in Poland, with particular focus on asset freezes and ex parte applications that foreign entities often require when protecting their investments in the Polish market. What are interim measures under Polish law? Interim measures (zabezpieczenie roszczeń) in Poland constitute temporary court orders designed to secure a party's claims before the final resolution of a dispute. The Polish Code of Civil Procedure (Articles 730-757) provides the legal framework for these preliminary injunctions, allowing claimants to preserve the status quo or prevent potential harm while proceedings are ongoing. These measures are particularly valuable... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/enforcement-of-foreign-judgments-and-arbitral-awards-in-poland-navigating-the-brussels-ia-lugano-convention-and-new-york-convention-frameworks/ - Tags: English In an increasingly globalized business landscape, obtaining a favorable judgment or arbitral award is often just half the battle. The real challenge lies in successfully enforcing these decisions across international borders, particularly when the debtor's assets are located in a different jurisdiction. For foreign businesses and individuals seeking to enforce judgments or arbitral awards in Poland, understanding the specific legal frameworks and procedural requirements is crucial for successful recovery. Poland, as a member of the European Union and signatory to several international conventions, offers a relatively structured approach to enforcing foreign judgments and arbitral awards. However, the enforcement process, applicable laws, and procedural requirements vary significantly depending on the origin of the judgment or award. The Brussels Ia Regulation, the Lugano Convention, bilateral treaties, and the New York Convention each establish different pathways for enforcement, creating a complex legal landscape that requires expert navigation. This comprehensive guide explores the key legal frameworks governing the recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions in Poland, detailing the step-by-step procedures, potential challenges, and strategic considerations for successful enforcement. Whether you're dealing with a commercial judgment from another EU member state or an arbitral award from a non-EU country, understanding Poland's approach to enforcement is essential for protecting your legal and financial interests in cross-border disputes. What Legal Frameworks Govern the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Poland? Poland's approach to enforcing foreign judgments operates under a tiered system of legal frameworks, with different regulations applying based on the judgment's country of origin. At the top... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/asset-deal-vs-share-deal-in-poland-key-tax-and-legal-considerations-for-foreign-investors/ - Tags: English When planning a business acquisition in Poland, foreign investors face a crucial decision that can significantly impact the transaction's outcome: choosing between an asset deal or a share deal. This strategic choice carries substantial implications for tax liability, legal responsibility, and operational continuity that can make the difference between a successful investment and a costly mistake. As an international corporate lawyer working with foreign entities entering the Polish market, I've observed firsthand how the proper structuring of transactions can save millions in taxes and prevent unexpected legal complications. Poland's unique legal framework for mergers and acquisitions presents both opportunities and challenges that demand careful navigation. This comprehensive guide examines the critical differences between asset and share deals in Poland, with particular focus on tax implications, employee transfers, and potential pitfalls in real estate transactions. Whether you're a corporate investor, a private equity firm, or a multinational company looking to expand into the Polish market, understanding these distinctions is essential for maximizing your investment's value and minimizing risk. What is the fundamental difference between asset deals and share deals? At its core, a share deal involves purchasing shares or equity interests in a Polish company, effectively acquiring the entire legal entity with all its assets and liabilities. The investor steps into the shoes of the previous shareholders while the business continues operating with its existing contracts, permits, and employee relationships intact. In contrast, an asset deal entails purchasing specific assets and potentially assuming certain liabilities from a target company. This approach... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/agricultural-and-forest-land-restrictions-in-poland-foreign-buyer-due-diligence-playbook/ - Tags: English Navigating the complex landscape of agricultural and forest land acquisition in Poland presents a significant challenge for foreign investors. As Poland continues to protect its national resources while also encouraging foreign investment, understanding the legal framework becomes crucial for successful transactions. The restrictions on agricultural land purchases introduced in 2016 have created a complex regulatory environment that requires careful navigation and expert guidance. As a legal professional working with international clients, I've witnessed firsthand the confusion and frustration many investors experience when attempting to acquire land in Poland. This comprehensive guide aims to clarify the current legal landscape, highlight potential pitfalls, and provide actionable strategies for foreign entities looking to invest in Polish agricultural and forestry properties. Whether you're a corporate investor, individual buyer, or investment fund, this playbook will serve as your roadmap through Poland's restrictive yet navigable land acquisition system. What are the current restrictions on agricultural land purchases in Poland? The cornerstone of Poland's agricultural land regulations is the Act on Shaping the Agricultural System (Ustawa o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego) as amended in 2016 and further modified in subsequent years. This legislation introduced significant restrictions on land transactions, particularly affecting foreign buyers. Under these regulations, only individual farmers can purchase agricultural land exceeding 0. 3 hectares, with certain exceptions. For foreign investors, particularly those from outside the European Economic Area (EEA), these restrictions are even more stringent. Non-EEA citizens and entities must obtain special permission from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to acquire agricultural property. This process... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/vat-for-cross-border-e-commerce-into-poland-navigating-oss-ioss-platform-deeming-and-returns/ - Tags: English The landscape of e-commerce taxation in Poland has undergone significant transformation following the implementation of the EU VAT e-commerce package in July 2021. For international businesses selling to Polish consumers, understanding the VAT OSS system (One Stop Shop) and IOSS (Import One Stop Shop) has become crucial for maintaining compliance while optimizing operational efficiency. These mechanisms represent a paradigm shift in how cross-border e-commerce transactions are taxed in Poland and throughout the European Union. As Poland continues to emerge as one of Central Europe's most dynamic e-commerce markets, foreign sellers face increasing scrutiny from Polish tax authorities regarding VAT compliance. The introduction of platform deeming provisions and specific regulations for handling returns has created a complex regulatory environment that requires expert navigation. For businesses without a physical presence in Poland, these new regulations present both opportunities for streamlined compliance and potential pitfalls for the unprepared. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify the Polish VAT landscape for cross-border e-commerce operators, offering practical insights into the OSS and IOSS schemes, clarifying obligations under platform deeming rules, and explaining the proper handling of returns from a VAT perspective. Whether you're a marketplace facilitating sales into Poland or a direct seller to Polish consumers, understanding these mechanisms is essential for sustainable business operations. What is the OSS VAT Scheme and How Does it Apply to Poland? The One Stop Shop (OSS) VAT scheme represents a significant simplification for businesses engaged in cross-border e-commerce within the EU, including Poland. Implemented on July 1, 2021, this... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/whistleblower-protection-in-poland-designing-effective-reporting-channels-while-minimizing-retaliation-risks/ - Tags: English The landscape of corporate governance and legal compliance in Poland has undergone significant transformation with the introduction of whistleblower protection legislation. As businesses operating in Poland adapt to these new requirements, understanding the nuances of internal reporting channel design and implementation has become crucial for legal compliance and ethical business conduct. The stakes are high – inadequate whistleblower systems not only expose organizations to regulatory penalties but also to reputational damage and potential litigation. In my years advising international investors and corporations on Polish legal compliance, I've observed that many organizations struggle with balancing the technical requirements of whistleblower protection systems with creating a genuinely safe environment for reporters. The EU Whistleblower Directive's implementation in Poland has created a new paradigm where companies must not only establish reporting mechanisms but ensure they genuinely protect those who come forward with information about wrongdoing. This comprehensive guide examines the critical aspects of whistleblower protection in Poland, from designing compliant internal reporting channels to managing retaliation risks and handling whistleblower cases effectively. Whether you're a multinational corporation establishing operations in Poland or a Polish company seeking to strengthen your compliance framework, this article provides actionable insights to navigate the complexities of whistleblower protection in the Polish legal context. What Does the Polish Whistleblower Protection Law Require? Poland's implementation of the EU Whistleblower Directive (Directive 2019/1937) establishes comprehensive protections for individuals who report violations of law. The Polish legislation mandates that organizations with 50 or more employees must establish internal reporting channels that enable... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/rd-relief-and-ip-box-in-poland-comprehensive-guide-to-tax-optimization-for-innovative-businesses/ - Tags: English In today's rapidly evolving global economy, Poland has emerged as an attractive destination for innovative businesses seeking efficient tax structures. The combination of R&D tax relief and the IP Box regime offers significant opportunities for companies involved in research, development, and intellectual property creation to substantially reduce their effective tax rates. However, navigating these incentives requires meticulous attention to substantiation requirements, thorough understanding of the nexus fraction, and preparation for potential tax audits. As an international legal advisor with extensive experience in corporate taxation and cross-border investments, I've witnessed firsthand how properly implemented tax optimization strategies can transform a company's financial performance. Poland's favorable tax environment for innovation-focused businesses represents one of Europe's most competitive offerings, yet many foreign investors fail to fully capitalize on these benefits due to compliance complexities and documentation challenges. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the essential aspects of R&D relief and IP Box in Poland, providing actionable insights on how to maximize your tax benefits while ensuring robust audit defense mechanisms. Whether you're a tech startup, established R&D center, or international corporation with intellectual property operations in Poland, understanding these incentives is crucial for your financial strategy. What is R&D Tax Relief in Poland and How Does it Work? R&D tax relief in Poland enables companies to deduct up to 200% of eligible research and development costs from their tax base. This means that for every 100 PLN spent on qualifying R&D activities, companies can deduct 200 PLN from their taxable income, significantly... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/managing-construction-claims-in-poland-fidic-contracts-price-indexation-and-force-majeure/ - Tags: English In the current volatile global market, construction projects in Poland face unprecedented challenges. From soaring material costs to supply chain disruptions, contractors and investors navigate an increasingly complex legal landscape. The intersection of FIDIC contracts with Polish law creates a unique framework that requires specialized expertise, particularly when addressing construction claims. As international investors continue to develop infrastructure and commercial projects across Poland, understanding the mechanisms for claim management has become essential for project success. Recent statistics show that over 65% of major construction projects in Poland experience significant claims, with price indexation and force majeure being the most common grounds for dispute. This article explores the critical aspects of managing construction claims in the Polish legal environment. What are FIDIC contracts and why are they important in Poland? FIDIC (Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils) contracts represent internationally recognized standard forms of construction contracts. In Poland, they have gained significant traction, particularly for infrastructure and large-scale projects with foreign investment. The Polish construction industry has embraced FIDIC contracts as they provide a balanced framework that addresses the interests of all parties involved. These standardized contracts are typically divided into several books, each addressing different project delivery methods. The Red Book (for employer-designed works), Yellow Book (for contractor design-build projects), and Silver Book (for turnkey/EPC projects) are most commonly used in Polish construction projects. When properly implemented, FIDIC contracts provide clarity on risk allocation, change management procedures, and dispute resolution mechanisms that align with both international standards and Polish legal requirements. At... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/bankruptcy-restructuring-toolkit-in-poland-navigating-arrangement-approval-pre-pack-and-director-liability/ - Tags: English In today's complex economic landscape, businesses operating in Poland increasingly face financial challenges that require strategic restructuring solutions. The Polish legal framework offers various instruments for companies in distress, including arrangement proceedings, pre-pack sales, and simplified restructuring options. These tools can provide crucial pathways to recovery, but they come with significant implications for corporate directors and management. As an international investor or company director in Poland, understanding these legal mechanisms is not merely advantageous—it's essential for risk management and corporate governance. The Polish restructuring system has evolved considerably following the implementation of EU Directive 2019/1023, creating a more predictable environment for international stakeholders. However, this modernization has also introduced new complexities regarding director liability and restructuring procedures that require expert navigation. What restructuring options are available for distressed companies in Poland? The Polish Restructuring Law provides four primary restructuring proceedings, each designed for different business situations. These include arrangement approval proceedings (postępowanie o zatwierdzenie układu), accelerated arrangement proceedings, regular arrangement proceedings, and remedial proceedings. Each procedure offers different levels of court involvement, creditor protection, and operational flexibility. The arrangement approval proceedings represent the least formal option, allowing debtors to negotiate with creditors while maintaining control of their assets. This procedure is particularly suitable for businesses with a limited number of creditors and straightforward financial structures. Accelerated arrangement proceedings, meanwhile, offer a slightly more structured approach with greater court supervision but still provide relatively quick implementation. For companies facing more complex challenges, regular arrangement proceedings and remedial proceedings offer comprehensive restructuring... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/banking-account-freezes-in-poland-expert-legal-strategies-for-international-investors/ - Tags: English In Poland's complex regulatory environment, foreign investors and businesses increasingly face a challenging obstacle: bank account blockades. This severe measure, often implemented in connection with fiscal-criminal proceedings, can abruptly halt all business operations and create significant financial distress. For international entities operating in Poland, understanding the legal framework and response strategies is not merely beneficial—it's essential for survival. As a legal practitioner with extensive experience in representing foreign clients facing account freezes in Poland, I've observed firsthand how devastating these measures can be when companies are unprepared. A blocked account in Poland doesn't merely inconvenience a business; it can effectively paralyze operations, damage relationships with stakeholders, and trigger a cascade of secondary financial complications. What many international investors fail to recognize is that effective resolution requires specialized knowledge of both Polish banking regulations and fiscal-criminal procedure. This comprehensive guide addresses the critical aspects of bank account blockades in Poland, examining the legal mechanisms behind them, the connection to tax investigations, and most importantly, providing actionable strategies for swift resolution. Whether you're currently facing an account freeze or proactively preparing for potential challenges, this analysis offers valuable insights into navigating this particularly troublesome aspect of Polish financial regulations. What Legal Mechanisms Allow Polish Authorities to Freeze Bank Accounts? The primary legal framework enabling account freezes in Poland stems from the Fiscal Penal Code (Kodeks karny skarbowy) and the Criminal Procedure Code (Kodeks postępowania karnego). These regulations grant prosecutors and fiscal authorities significant powers to secure potential evidence and assets during investigations.... --- - Published: 2025-11-17 - Modified: 2025-11-17 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/real-estate-spvs-in-poland-navigating-wht-on-dividends-interest-limitation-and-gaar-challenges/ - Tags: English In the dynamic landscape of Polish real estate investments, Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) have become the structure of choice for foreign investors seeking to optimize their investment strategy. However, the regulatory framework surrounding these vehicles has undergone significant changes in recent years, particularly concerning Withholding Tax (WHT) on dividends, interest limitation rules, and the application of General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR). These developments present both opportunities and challenges for investors looking to establish or maintain real estate SPVs in Poland. As international capital continues to flow into the Polish property market, understanding the intricate tax implications has never been more crucial. The Polish government's focus on preventing tax base erosion and profit shifting has resulted in more stringent regulations that directly impact dividend distributions, financing structures, and overall investment planning. Navigating this complex regulatory environment requires not just awareness of current rules, but also anticipation of future developments in Polish and EU tax legislation. What Are Real Estate SPVs and Why Are They Popular in Poland? Real estate Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) are separate legal entities established for the specific purpose of holding and managing real estate assets. In Poland, these typically take the form of limited liability companies (sp. z o. o. ) or joint-stock companies (S. A. ). Their popularity stems from their flexibility, limited liability protection, and potential tax advantages when structured properly. The Polish real estate market has seen significant growth in recent years, attracting investors from across Europe and beyond. Commercial properties, residential developments, and logistics... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/green-energy-law-in-poland-navigating-renewable-energy-regulations-and-incentives/ - Tags: English Poland's renewable energy landscape is undergoing a remarkable transformation. As the country steadily distances itself from its coal-dependent past, a comprehensive legal framework is emerging to support green energy development. For international investors and energy companies eyeing the Polish market, understanding this evolving regulatory environment is not merely advantageous—it's essential for successful market entry and operation. The Polish renewable energy sector presents significant opportunities, bolstered by EU climate goals and domestic policy shifts. With the Renewable Energy Sources Act and the Energy Law serving as foundational pillars, Poland has established a multi-faceted system of incentives for renewable investments, ranging from auction systems to tax benefits. However, navigating this complex regulatory landscape requires specialized legal expertise to maximize opportunities while minimizing compliance risks. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Poland's green energy regulations, outlining key legal frameworks, available incentives, and practical considerations for international stakeholders looking to participate in Poland's renewable energy transition. Understanding these elements is crucial for developing sustainable business strategies aligned with Poland's environmental objectives and energy security goals. What is the Current State of Renewable Energy in Poland? Poland's energy mix is experiencing a significant shift. Historically dominated by coal, which accounted for approximately 70% of electricity generation, the country is now steadily increasing its renewable energy capacity. As of 2023, renewables constitute about 17% of Poland's energy mix, with particularly strong growth in solar PV and wind energy sectors. The Polish government has committed to reducing coal dependency in accordance with EU climate objectives. The... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/environmental-impact-assessment-in-poland-navigating-legal-requirements-for-foreign-investors/ - Tags: English Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a critical component of project development in Poland, serving as both a regulatory requirement and a sustainability assurance mechanism. For foreign investors looking to establish operations in Poland, understanding the intricacies of the Polish EIA framework is not merely a compliance issue—it's a strategic necessity that can significantly impact project timelines, costs, and ultimate success. As Poland continues to harmonize its environmental regulations with EU directives while maintaining certain unique national requirements, navigating this complex legal landscape requires specialized knowledge. In my 15 years of advising international clients on Polish regulatory frameworks, I've observed that EIA-related challenges often become critical bottlenecks for investment projects. What many foreign businesses fail to anticipate is that Poland's environmental assessment procedures involve multiple stages of evaluation, various stakeholder consultations, and specific documentation requirements that can differ substantially from procedures in other EU member states. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal requirements for environmental impact assessments in Poland, highlighting recent regulatory developments and practical approaches to ensure compliance while maintaining project efficiency. What is Environmental Impact Assessment Under Polish Law? In Poland, Environmental Impact Assessment is a procedural and systematic examination of the potential environmental consequences of proposed projects. Regulated primarily by the Act on Providing Information on the Environment and Environmental Protection, Public Participation in Environmental Protection and on Environmental Impact Assessment of 3 October 2008 (commonly referred to as the "EIA Act"), this process aligns with the EU's EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) while incorporating... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/navigating-polands-waste-management-regulatory-framework-a-corporate-compliance-guide-for-international-investors/ - Tags: English In recent years, Poland has significantly transformed its waste management landscape through comprehensive regulatory reforms aligned with European Union directives. For international corporations operating in Poland, understanding and navigating this complex regulatory framework is not merely a legal obligation but a strategic imperative. Non-compliance with Polish waste management regulations can result in severe penalties, operational disruptions, and reputational damage that can undermine business objectives. As Poland continues to strengthen its environmental protection measures, corporations face increasing scrutiny regarding their waste management practices. The integration of circular economy principles into the Polish legal system has created both challenges and opportunities for businesses across various sectors. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Poland's current waste management regulatory framework, offering practical guidance for international investors seeking to ensure corporate compliance while operating within Polish territory. How has Poland's waste management regulatory framework evolved in recent years? Poland's waste management system has undergone a significant transformation over the past decade. The cornerstone of this evolution was the implementation of the Waste Act of 2012, subsequently amended to incorporate EU directives and address local challenges. This legislation established a comprehensive framework for waste handling, introducing the hierarchy of waste management priorities: prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, other recovery methods, and disposal. In 2019, Poland implemented major amendments to its waste management regulations, introducing stricter requirements for waste collection, storage, and processing. These changes included mandatory video monitoring systems for waste storage facilities, financial guarantees for waste management operators, and enhanced record-keeping obligations. The amendments... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/carbon-trading-in-poland-navigating-the-complex-landscape-of-emissions-law-and-eu-compliance/ - Tags: English As Poland continues its economic transformation within the European Union framework, the country faces unique challenges in balancing industrial growth with increasingly stringent environmental regulations. The carbon trading landscape in Poland represents a critical intersection of economic interests, legal obligations, and environmental responsibility that demands careful navigation by businesses operating in this market. With the European Union's ambitious climate goals and the recent updates to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), Polish companies are encountering a rapidly evolving regulatory environment that directly impacts their operational costs and strategic planning. Understanding these mechanisms is no longer optional but essential for business continuity and competitiveness in both domestic and international markets. This article explores the intricate framework of carbon trading in Poland, examining the legal structures, compliance requirements, and strategic opportunities available to businesses as they adapt to Europe's climate-focused future. Whether you're a foreign investor considering market entry or a Polish enterprise seeking to optimize your emissions management, the following insights provide a roadmap through this complex terrain. What is the Current State of Carbon Trading in Poland? Poland currently operates within the framework of the EU Emissions Trading System, the world's largest carbon market and a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change. As of 2023, the Polish carbon market has seen significant transformations following the implementation of Phase 4 (2021-2030) of the EU ETS, which introduced more ambitious reduction targets and revised allocation methods. The country's carbon market encompasses approximately 700 installations across various sectors,... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/environmental-liability-for-polish-corporations-navigating-the-modern-legal-framework/ - Tags: English In today's globalized economy, environmental responsibility has transcended beyond ethical considerations to become a critical legal obligation for corporations operating in Poland. As climate change concerns intensify and public awareness grows, Polish environmental regulations have evolved significantly, creating a complex landscape of obligations, penalties, and compliance requirements for businesses. International investors and Polish corporations alike must navigate this intricate framework to ensure both legal compliance and sustainable operations. The stakes have never been higher. With Poland's integration into the European Union's environmental governance system, corporations face potential liabilities that can extend to millions of euros, criminal prosecutions for executives, and severe reputational damage. Yet many businesses operating in the Polish market remain insufficiently informed about the scope of their environmental responsibilities and the consequences of non-compliance with increasingly stringent regulations. This comprehensive analysis examines the current state of environmental liability for corporations in Poland, exploring the legal framework that shapes corporate obligations, enforcement mechanisms, and emerging trends that will define future compliance requirements. Understanding these dynamics is essential for corporate decision-makers seeking to mitigate risks while pursuing sustainable business operations in Poland's evolving regulatory landscape. What Legal Foundations Define Environmental Liability in Poland? Poland's environmental legal framework rests on multiple pillars that together create a comprehensive system of corporate accountability. At its foundation lies the Environmental Protection Act of 2001 (EPA), which established the fundamental principles of environmental protection and introduced the "polluter pays" principle into Polish law. This cornerstone legislation has been substantially amended over the years to align... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/international-arbitration-in-poland-navigating-procedures-and-enforcement-challenges/ - Tags: English In today's interconnected global economy, cross-border disputes have become increasingly common, making international arbitration an essential mechanism for resolving commercial conflicts. Poland, with its strategic location in Central Europe and growing prominence as a business hub, has developed a sophisticated arbitration framework that aligns with international standards while maintaining certain distinctive features. As businesses expand their operations across borders, understanding the nuances of arbitration procedures in different jurisdictions becomes crucial for effective risk management and dispute resolution planning. The Polish arbitration landscape has undergone significant transformation in recent decades, particularly following the country's accession to the European Union and its implementation of UNCITRAL Model Law principles. For foreign investors and international companies operating in Poland, navigating this legal terrain requires specialized knowledge of both local procedural requirements and international enforcement mechanisms. This comprehensive guide explores the intricacies of international arbitration in Poland, offering practical insights into procedural aspects, enforcement challenges, and strategic considerations for effectively resolving disputes through arbitration. What Makes Poland an Emerging Arbitration Hub in Central Europe? Poland has steadily positioned itself as an attractive venue for international commercial arbitration in the Central and Eastern European region. The country's modern legal framework, based on the 2005 reform of the Polish Civil Procedure Code, has incorporated key aspects of the UNCITRAL Model Law, creating a favorable environment for arbitration proceedings. This legislative foundation, combined with Poland's EU membership, provides a level of legal certainty that appeals to international businesses. The growing prominence of Polish arbitral institutions, particularly the Court... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/cross-border-mergers-and-acquisitions-polish-legal-perspective-for-international-investors/ - Tags: English In today's interconnected global economy, cross-border mergers and acquisitions have become a strategic imperative for companies seeking expansion, market penetration, and competitive advantage. Poland, with its robust economy, strategic location in Central Europe, and favorable legal framework, has emerged as an attractive destination for international investors looking to execute M&A transactions. However, navigating the complexities of Polish corporate law in cross-border deals requires specialized knowledge and experience. As a legal practitioner with over fifteen years of experience in international transactions, I have witnessed firsthand the evolution of Poland's legal landscape regarding cross-border M&A. The country's accession to the European Union in 2004 significantly harmonized many aspects of its corporate legislation with EU standards, yet numerous Poland-specific regulations continue to present unique challenges and opportunities for foreign investors. Understanding these nuances can mean the difference between a successful acquisition and a protracted legal quagmire. This comprehensive guide examines the critical legal aspects of cross-border M&A transactions in Poland, offering practical insights for international investors, corporate executives, and legal professionals involved in such deals. From due diligence considerations to regulatory approvals and post-merger integration challenges, we'll explore the entire transaction lifecycle through the lens of Polish law and international best practices. What Makes Poland Attractive for Cross-Border M&A Transactions? Poland stands out in the Central and Eastern European region as a prime target for international acquisitions. Its appeal stems from several factors that create a favorable environment for cross-border deals. With a GDP consistently growing above the EU average, Poland offers economic... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/navigating-eu-trade-sanctions-a-comprehensive-guide-for-polish-companies/ - Tags: English In today's increasingly complex geopolitical landscape, Polish companies engaged in international trade face a growing web of regulatory challenges. Trade sanctions, once considered a peripheral concern for most businesses, have now become a central element of regulatory compliance that cannot be overlooked. The rapid evolution of international sanctions regimes, particularly those imposed by the European Union, United Nations, and major economic powers like the United States, presents significant legal and operational challenges for Polish enterprises. As Poland continues to strengthen its position as a key player in European and global markets, understanding the intricate framework of trade sanctions compliance has become essential for business survival and growth. Companies failing to implement robust compliance programs not only risk severe financial penalties but also irreparable reputational damage and potential criminal liability for executives. This article explores the critical aspects of navigating trade sanctions for Polish businesses operating in the international arena. Drawing from my extensive experience advising international investors and Polish exporters, I will outline the practical steps companies must take to develop effective sanctions compliance programs while maintaining competitive advantage in global markets. Whether you're a small manufacturer beginning to explore foreign markets or an established corporation with extensive international operations, this guide will provide you with essential knowledge to navigate the complex sanctions landscape. What Are Trade Sanctions and Why Do They Matter to Polish Companies? Trade sanctions are restrictive economic measures imposed by countries or international bodies against targeted states, entities, or individuals. These measures typically include trade embargoes,... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/international-tax-treaties-polands-network-and-implications-for-foreign-investors/ - Tags: English In today's globalized economy, navigating the complex web of international taxation presents significant challenges for businesses operating across borders. Poland, with its strategic location in Central Europe and growing economic importance, has established an extensive network of tax treaties designed to prevent double taxation and create a more predictable tax environment for foreign investors. These agreements form the backbone of Poland's international tax relations, offering crucial protections and benefits for cross-border business activities. As a legal professional working extensively with international clients, I have witnessed firsthand how understanding these tax treaties can make the difference between a successful investment in Poland and one burdened by unexpected tax liabilities. The complexity of these agreements, combined with Poland's evolving tax landscape, creates both opportunities and potential pitfalls for foreign businesses. The proper application of these treaties requires not just knowledge of their provisions, but also an understanding of how they interact with domestic Polish law and international tax principles. This comprehensive guide explores the extensive network of Poland's double taxation agreements, their practical implications for investors, and the strategic considerations that should inform your approach to international tax planning when doing business in Poland. Whether you're considering entering the Polish market or already operating here, understanding these critical tax frameworks will be essential to your financial success and legal compliance. What Are International Tax Treaties and Why Do They Matter for Poland? International tax treaties, also known as double taxation conventions or agreements (DTCs or DTAs), are bilateral agreements between two countries... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/eu-state-aid-rules-impact-on-polish-businesses-in-the-european-single-market/ - Tags: English In the complex landscape of European business regulations, EU state aid rules represent one of the most significant frameworks affecting both public authorities and private enterprises across member states. For Polish businesses navigating the opportunities and challenges of the European single market, understanding these regulations is not merely a compliance issue—it's a strategic imperative that can directly impact competitiveness, investment decisions, and long-term growth prospects. As Poland continues to strengthen its position within the EU economy, the intersection of national economic policies and European competition law creates a dynamic regulatory environment that requires careful navigation. Recent developments in the European Commission's approach to state aid enforcement, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic and amidst the green transition, have introduced new dimensions to consider for Polish entrepreneurs seeking government support or operating in sectors subject to significant public intervention. This article examines the multifaceted impact of EU state aid rules on Polish businesses, analyzing both the constraints and opportunities created by this regulatory framework. By understanding how these rules shape the competitive landscape, Polish companies can better position themselves to thrive within the European market while maintaining regulatory compliance with increasingly scrutinized state support mechanisms. What Are EU State Aid Rules and Why Do They Matter for Polish Companies? EU state aid rules form a cornerstone of European competition law, designed to ensure that government support to businesses doesn't distort fair competition within the single market. These regulations, primarily outlined in Articles 107-109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/international-child-custody-disputes-in-poland-navigating-complex-legal-procedures/ - Tags: English When international families face separation, the question of child custody becomes particularly complex, especially when parents reside in different countries. Poland, as a member of the European Union and signatory to various international conventions, has established specific legal frameworks to address these sensitive cross-border disputes. As these cases continue to rise due to increased global mobility, understanding the Polish legal system's approach to international custody battles is essential for parents seeking to protect their rights and the best interests of their children. International custody disputes often involve conflicting jurisdictions, different legal systems, and emotional turmoil for all parties involved. The complexity increases when one parent wishes to return to their home country with the child, potentially limiting the other parent's access rights. In Poland, such cases require specialized legal knowledge that combines family law expertise with an understanding of international treaties and foreign legal systems. As a legal professional who has guided numerous clients through these challenging scenarios, I can attest that proper preparation and understanding of Poland's legal procedures can significantly impact the outcome of cross-border custody disputes. What Legal Framework Governs International Child Custody Cases in Poland? Poland's approach to international custody disputes is governed by a comprehensive framework of domestic and international law. At the national level, the Polish Family and Guardianship Code (Kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy) serves as the primary legislation governing family relations, including parental authority and child custody matters. These provisions establish the fundamental principle that decisions must always prioritize the best interests of... --- - Published: 2025-10-16 - Modified: 2025-10-16 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/inheritance-law-for-foreign-nationals-in-poland-navigating-succession-rights-and-estate-planning/ - Tags: English When a foreign national owns assets in Poland or a Polish citizen leaves property to international heirs, understanding the complexities of Polish inheritance law becomes essential. The intersection of different legal systems, international treaties, and local regulations creates a unique legal landscape that requires careful navigation. As cross-border movements and investments increase, more individuals face the challenge of managing estate matters across national boundaries. In my years of practice assisting international clients with their legal matters in Poland, I've witnessed numerous cases where proper understanding of Polish succession law could have prevented prolonged legal disputes, unnecessary taxation, and significant stress during an already difficult time. Whether you're an expatriate living in Poland, a foreign investor with Polish assets, or someone who has inherited property from a relative in Poland, this comprehensive guide will help you understand your rights and obligations under Polish inheritance law. What is the Legal Framework Governing Inheritance in Poland? Poland's inheritance system is primarily governed by the Civil Code (Kodeks Cywilny), particularly Articles 922-1087, which establish the fundamental principles of succession. The legal framework has been significantly modernized following Poland's accession to the European Union, particularly with the implementation of EU Succession Regulation No. 650/2012 (also known as Brussels IV) in 2015. This regulation has harmonized certain aspects of international inheritance cases, allowing individuals to choose whether the law of their nationality or their habitual residence should apply to their succession. For foreign nationals with assets in Poland, this creates important planning opportunities but also requires... --- - Published: 2025-07-23 - Modified: 2025-07-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/intellectual-property-protection-in-poland-a-guide-for-foreign-investors/ - Tags: English Poland offers a comprehensive legal framework for the protection of intellectual property (IP), aligned with both European Union standards and international treaties. As a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and a signatory to numerous international agreements, Poland ensures that foreign investors can safeguard their innovations, brands, and creative works effectively. Copyright Protection In Poland, copyright protection is automatic—there is no need for formal registration. Any original creative work that qualifies as a “work” under Polish law is protected as soon as it is created. This includes literary, artistic, musical, and software works, among others. Polish copyright law distinguishes between: Moral rights, which are non-transferable and protect the personal connection between the author and the work. Economic rights, which are transferable and allow the author or rights holder to commercially exploit the work. Economic rights are protected for 70 years after the author’s death, ensuring long-term control and potential revenue for heirs or assignees. Industrial Property Rights Several types of industrial property rights require registration with the Polish Patent Office to be enforceable: Patents: Granted for inventions, with protection lasting up to 20 years from the date of registration, provided maintenance fees are paid. Industrial Designs: Protected for up to 25 years, effective from the date of filing and subject to periodic renewal fees. Utility Models: Often referred to as “small patents,” these are protected for 10 years from the filing date. Trademarks: Protection lasts 10 years from the date of filing and can be renewed indefinitely in... --- - Published: 2025-07-23 - Modified: 2025-07-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/starting-a-limited-liability-company-sp-z-o-o-in-poland/ - Tags: English Thinking of starting a limited liability company (Sp. z o. o. ) in Poland? Here's what you need to know Setting up a limited liability company (Sp. z o. o. ) in Poland is a popular choice for both local entrepreneurs and foreign investors. But how long does the process take, and what steps are involved? How long does it take? The duration of the registration process depends on the method of establishing the company you choose: Online via S24 system – as fast as 24 hours to a few days, provided you use a standard template for the company agreement Traditional registration including visit at the notary public, via the National Court Register (KRS) – typically 2 to 4 weeks, and in more complex cases, even longer Additional formalities such as VAT registration or opening a bank account may extend the timeline by another 1–2 weeks. Step-by-Step guide to registering a sp. z o. o. in Poland: Prepare the company agreement: Online: Use a predefined template (S24) Traditional: Draft a notarial deed with customized terms Submit the application to the register of entrepreneurs (KRS) - includes company details, board members, address (both virtual and traditional) Obtain: register number (KRS), tax identification number (NIP) and REGON (statistic number) – it will happen automatically, during the process of registration Declare the ultimate beneficiary owners at the CRBR Register Register with ZUS (Social Insurance) and Tax Office for VAT - required if the company hires employees or applies for VAT Open a... --- - Published: 2025-07-23 - Modified: 2025-07-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/advice/when-is-a-supervisory-board-required-in-a-polish-company-and-what-are-its-responsibilities/ - Tags: English In Poland, not every company is required to have a supervisory board. However, in certain cases, establishing this body is mandatory and its role is far from symbolic. When is a supervisory board mandatory? The requirement depends on the type and structure of the company: Joint-Stock Company (Spółka Akcyjna) - supervisory board is always mandatory under Polish law Limited Liability Company (Spółka z o. o. ) - a supervisory board (or audit committee) is required if both of the following conditions are met: the share capital exceeds PLN 500,000, and the number of shareholders exceeds 25. other companies (e. g. , Simple Joint-Stock Company) - in most other cases, establishing a supervisory board is optional and must be explicitly provided for in the company’s articles of association. What does the supervisory board do? The supervisory board is not involved in day-to-day management. Instead, it performs ongoing oversight of the company’s operations. Its key responsibilities include: Monitoring the company’s activities across all areas Evaluating financial statements and management reports Reviewing proposals for profit distribution or loss coverage Preparing annual reports on its supervisory activities Requesting information and documents from the management board and employees Inspecting company assets and operations What are the risks and liabilities? While the supervisory board does not manage the company, its members can still be held liable for: negligence in oversight, especially if it leads to financial loss or regulatory violations failure to act on signs of mismanagement or fraud breach of fiduciary duties toward the company... --- --- ## Usługi --- ## Zespół - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/karolina-sokolowska-3/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6960dfc42035f Abogada del Departamento de Derecho Empresarial. Se centra principalmente en litigios civiles y derecho comercial, especialmente en servicios corporativos. También tiene interés en derecho concursal y de reestructuración. En KKZ, apoya activamente a los abogados senior. Redacta documentos procesales, dictámenes, análisis y solicitudes, y proporciona servicios legales continuos para empresas. Realiza investigaciones exhaustivas necesarias para la mayoría de los casos. Comenzó a adquirir experiencia profesional al inicio de sus estudios. Trabajó no solo en despachos de abogados reconocidos, sino también en el departamento legal de la mayor empresa química de Polonia. Esto le permitió participar en numerosos proyectos corporativos, incluidos aquellos relacionados con cambios en la estructura de las empresas. Es egresada de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Kozminski en Varsovia. Participó activamente en la sección económica de la Clínica Jurídica Estudiantil y en la Asociación Científica Estudiantil “Zobligowani”. --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/monika-orczykowska-2/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33c44cf6f0 Jefa del Departamento de Derecho Penal y Cumplimiento Normativo. Se especializa en derecho penal, especialmente en casos relacionados con delitos económicos. Representa a clientes individuales y corporativos en todos los niveles del proceso judicial, incluso ante las autoridades investigadoras. Comenzó a adquirir experiencia profesional durante sus estudios universitarios. Inicialmente, brindaba asesoramiento legal en la Oficina Universitaria de Asesoría Jurídica. Posteriormente, perfeccionó su práctica profesional colaborando con reconocidos despachos de abogados en Wrocław y Varsovia. Es egresada de la Universidad de Wrocław, especializándose en Derecho, Administración y Economía, y ha recibido múltiples becas por sus calificaciones sobresalientes. Realizó estudios de posgrado en Derecho Penal, Financiero y Económico en la Universidad Jaguelónica. Tras aprobar con éxito el examen de abogacía, espera ser incluida en la lista de abogados del Colegio de Abogados de Varsovia. Trabaja activamente en servicios legales pro bono. Como representante del despacho KKZ, coordina la cooperación con la fundación “Dorastaj z Nami”, a la que nuestro despacho brinda apoyo activo. --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/ewelina-rogala-3/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6960e000291a9 Se especializa en casos de derecho civil de amplia interpretación y litigios bajo la jurisdicción de los tribunales de common law, especialmente en asuntos relacionados con derecho económico, derecho de prensa y protección de derechos personales. Adquirió su experiencia profesional colaborando con reconocidos despachos de abogados, representando a clientes polacos y extranjeros en litigios judiciales en materia de derecho civil, derecho económico y derecho concursal. Además, fue responsable del servicio legal cotidiano para clientes particulares y empresas y sociedades comerciales. Es egresada de estudios jurídicos en la Universidad de Varsovia. Fue voluntaria en el Centro Académico de Asistencia Jurídica (Clínica de Derecho). Sus competencias en idiomas extranjeros están avaladas por el Certificado de Terminología Jurídica y el Certificado de Habilidades de Comunicación, obtenidos en la escuela de inglés para abogados Sawicki LBB. --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-04-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/pawel-golebiewski-3/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6960e0f4cc697 Adquirió casi veinte años de experiencia como funcionario en agencias de aplicación de la ley, por ejemplo en la Sede Nacional de Policía, la Oficina Central de Investigación Policial y la Sede de Policía de la Capital. Llevó a cabo y supervisó investigaciones complejas relacionadas con delitos económicos, así como con el crimen económico organizado. Tuvo la oportunidad de cooperar con los organismos de INTERPOL, EUROPOL, el Inspector General de Información Financiera y servicios extranjeros, así como de coordinar el trabajo de equipos de investigación. Fue jefe de la unidad polaca de la Oficina de Recuperación de Activos, responsable de la cooperación internacional entre agencias de aplicación de la ley y servicios en la búsqueda de activos. Es egresado de la Facultad de Derecho y Administración de la Universidad de Finanzas y Gestión de Varsovia. También completó estudios de posgrado en la Universidad de Varsovia sobre “Cuestiones de crimen organizado y terrorismo”. Además, posee el título de Doctor en Derecho, tras presentar su tesis titulada: “Derecho Penal y cuestiones criminológicas de actuar en perjuicio de una sociedad anónima”. Imparte conferencias en la Universidad de Economía y Humanidades de Varsovia en las áreas de procedimiento penal, derecho comercial, ciencias forenses y cooperación internacional de agencias de aplicación de la ley. Es docente en la Escuela Nacional de la Judicatura y Fiscalía Pública. Durante varios años también impartió clases en los Estudios de Posgrado en Compliance en la Escuela de Economía de Varsovia, abordando el tema de los delitos económicos y el... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/2562/ - Tags: Español - : pll_67a33bfcaba34 Se especializa en casos penales, derecho de prensa y derechos personales. Lleva litigios para destacados políticos y periodistas. Asesora a los presidentes y consejos de supervisión de las mayores empresas polacas. Es experto del Ministerio de Justicia en reformas del derecho penal. Juez del Tribunal de Estado. Coautor de numerosas enmiendas legales, incluidas las modificaciones del Código Penal y del Código de Procedimiento Penal. Adquirió su experiencia profesional, entre otros, en varios bufetes de abogados reconocidos de Varsovia, así como en la Embajada de la República de Polonia en Roma, el Ministerio de Justicia y el Parlamento polaco. Es autor de numerosos dictámenes jurídicos relacionados con el proceso legislativo, incluidos aquellos encargados por la Cancillería del Primer Ministro. Mediador profesional del Centro de Mediación del Consejo Superior de la Abogacía, inscrito en la lista de mediadores del Tribunal de Distrito de Varsovia, y formador en la capacitación de abogados en el Colegio de Abogados de Varsovia. Desde diciembre de 2020, mediador habitual del Tribunal de Arbitraje de la Procuraduría General de la República de Polonia. Experto del Ministerio de Justicia en reformas del derecho penal. Coautor de enmiendas al Código Penal, al Código Penal Ejecutivo y al Código de Procedimiento Penal, incluidas las relativas al llamado decomiso ampliado, la ampliación de la responsabilidad penal de los peritos, el denominado delito de impago de pensiones alimenticias y la responsabilidad de las entidades colectivas por actos prohibidos. En febrero de 2018 fue elegido por el Sejm (Parlamento) de la República de Polonia... --- - Published: 2026-03-20 - Modified: 2026-03-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/maciej-trabski-2/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6960df1ce0c66 Se especializa en la gestión de litigios mercantiles, el asesoramiento estratégico, la consultoría regulatoria y la dirección de proyectos jurídicos complejos y multifacéticos. Es experto en derecho del consumidor, derecho de la competencia y en la operativa en mercados regulados (productos financieros, seguros, criptoactivos). Desarrolla procesos jurídicos y sistemas de prevención de litigios adaptados a las necesidades empresariales. Cuenta con 15 años de experiencia en la gestión de carteras de litigios mercantiles para empresas y corporaciones nacionales e internacionales. Ha llevado litigios relevantes en ámbitos como productos financieros, seguros, implementación de sistemas informáticos nacionales y proyectos de infraestructura. Ha representado a bancos, aseguradoras, sociedades cotizadas y empresarios ante tribunales de todas las instancias, así como ante tribunales arbitrales internacionales. Es especialista en derecho del consumidor. Ha representado a empresas en numerosos procedimientos relacionados con infracciones de los intereses colectivos de los consumidores, especialmente en los sectores bancario, asegurador, de servicios financieros, comercio minorista, moda y productos de gran consumo (FMCG). Ha asesorado a empresas de comercio electrónico nacionales e internacionales en estrategias de expansión y en el mantenimiento del cumplimiento normativo en materia de consumo durante fases de crecimiento. Combina amplios conocimientos con una pasión por el diseño de procesos empresariales y la gestión de proyectos jurídicos. Desarrolla sistemas propios de prevención de litigios y optimiza los procesos legales dentro de las organizaciones. Ha asesorado a destacados despachos de abogados y departamentos jurídicos en proyectos relacionados con la organización del trabajo y la selección de herramientas. Actúa basándose en tres... --- - Published: 2026-03-20 - Modified: 2026-03-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/joanna-chmielinska-3/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6960df7a001a3 Cuenta con 10 años de experiencia en la prestación de servicios jurídicos a entidades económicas. Asesora a directivos y altos cargos de supervisión de las mayores sociedades mercantiles en Polonia. Se especializa en la planificación y ejecución eficiente de transacciones para empresas. Gracias a su experiencia en asesoramiento estratégico, asesora a los clientes en todas las etapas de la transacción, начиная desde la planificación, pasando por la investigación jurídica, la preparación y negociación de los documentos de la transacción, hasta la fase final de la liquidación posterior a la transacción. Durante todo el proceso de la transacción, gestiona el equipo de abogados y coordina su trabajo, proporcionando al cliente información coherente sobre el proceso y el apoyo que necesita. Graduada en Derecho por la Universidad de Varsovia y titulada con un Máster en Derecho por la Universidad Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona. Miembro del Colegio de Abogados de Varsovia. Es autora de numerosas publicaciones sobre el mercado de capitales y las sociedades mercantiles. Editora del sitio web www. managerwspolce. pl. Es una experimentada representante del bufete KKZ durante diversos talleres y prácticas sobre el funcionamiento de las sociedades mercantiles. Participó activamente en los trabajos de un equipo de expertos en derecho de grupos empresariales, lo que dio lugar a un proyecto de modificación de la Ley – Código de Sociedades Mercantiles y otras leyes relacionadas. --- - Published: 2026-03-20 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/team/marta-kopec-3/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6960e0424d631 Se especializa en derecho laboral y derecho mercantil. Es una experta destacada en derecho laboral, especialmente en las áreas en las que el derecho laboral se entrelaza con el derecho mercantil. Cuenta con una amplia experiencia en la tramitación de procesos judiciales. Es miembro de la Asociación de Derecho Laboral (Stowarzyszenie Prawa Pracy – SPP). Es asesora jurídica personal de miembros de consejos de administración, directores generales, así como directores de recursos humanos de empresas que operan en Polonia. También es autora de numerosas opiniones jurídicas y artículos sobre derecho laboral. En el bufete de abogados supervisa el Departamento de Derecho Empresarial. Desde 2009, asesora a consumidores y empresarios en el marco de sus actividades comerciales. Se graduó en la Facultad de Derecho y Administración de la Universidad de Varsovia. También es graduada de la Escuela de Derecho Italiano y Europeo establecida en la Facultad de Derecho y Administración de la Universidad de Varsovia y desarrollada en cooperación con la Universidad de Catania – Facultad de Derecho (Università degli Studi di Catania, Facoltà di Giurisprudenza). En 2015, obtuvo un diploma de la SGH Warsaw School of Economics, donde completó con muy buenos resultados los estudios de posgrado “Academia de Empresas”. --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-14 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/karolina-sokolowska-2/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6960dfc42035f Юрист департамента права для бизнеса. Основное направление её деятельности — гражданское судопроизводство и коммерческое право, в особенности корпоративное обслуживание. Также интересуется правом несостоятельности и реструктуризации. В KKZ активно поддерживает старших юристов. Готовит процессуальные документы, заключения, правовые анализы и заявления, а также осуществляет текущее обслуживание компаний. Проводит углублённые правовые исследования, необходимые для большинства дел. Профессиональный опыт начала приобретать уже в начале обучения. Работала не только в известных юридических фирмах, но и в юридическом департаменте крупнейшей химической компании в Польше, что позволило ей участвовать во многих корпоративных проектах, в том числе связанных с изменениями структуры компаний. Выпускница юридического факультета Университета Козьминского в Варшаве. Активно участвовала в работе экономической секции Студенческой юридической клиники, а также в деятельности Студенческого научного кружка «Zobligowani». --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-14 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/pawel-golebiewski-2/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6960e0f4cc697 Имеет почти двадцатилетний опыт службы в правоохранительных органах, в том числе в Главном управлении полиции, Центральном следственном бюро полиции, а также в Столичном управлении полиции. Вёл и курировал сложные расследования, связанные с экономическими преступлениями, а также с организованной экономической преступностью. Имеет опыт сотрудничества с органами INTERPOL, EUROPOL, Генеральным инспектором финансовой информации, зарубежными службами, а также координации работы следственных групп. Возглавлял польское подразделение Asset Recovery Office, ответственное за международное сотрудничество правоохранительных органов и служб в сфере розыска активов. Окончил факультет права и администрации Университета финансов и управления в Варшаве. Завершил также последипломное обучение в Варшавском университете по программе «Проблематика организованной преступности и терроризма». Обладает степенью доктора юридических наук (Ph. D. in law); защитил диссертацию на тему «Уголовно-правовые и криминологические аспекты действий во вред капиталовой компании». Читает лекции в Университете экономики и гуманитарных наук в Варшаве по уголовному процессу, коммерческому праву, криминалистике и международному сотрудничеству правоохранительных органов. Является преподавателем Национальной школы судей и прокуроров. В течение ряда лет также вёл занятия в рамках последипломного обучения по комплаенсу в Варшавской школе экономики (SGH), посвящённые экономическим преступлениям и контролю со стороны правоохранительных органов. Является членом British Defence Extradition Lawyers Forum, а также Европейской ассоциации адвокатов по уголовным делам (European Criminal Bar Association). Автор многочисленных научных публикаций. Неоднократно выступал в качестве докладчика на национальных и международных отраслевых и научных конференциях. --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-14 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/marta-kopec-2/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6960e0424d631 Специализируется в области трудового и коммерческого права. Является признанным экспертом по трудовому праву, в особенности в вопросах, находящихся на стыке трудового и коммерческого права. Обладает обширным опытом ведения судебных дел. Является членом Ассоциации трудового права (Stowarzyszenie Prawa Pracy – SPP). Выступает персональным юридическим советником членов правлений, генеральных директоров, а также HR-директоров работодателей, осуществляющих деятельность в Польше. Является автором многочисленных правовых заключений и публикаций по трудовому праву. В юридической фирме осуществляет надзор за Департаментом права для бизнеса. С 2009 года консультирует потребителей и предпринимателей в рамках их хозяйственной деятельности. Окончила факультет права и администрации Варшавского университета. Также является выпускницей Школы итальянского и европейского права, созданной при факультете права и администрации Варшавского университета и действующей в сотрудничестве с юридическим факультетом Университета Катании (Università degli Studi di Catania, Facoltà di Giurisprudenza). В 2015 году получила диплом Варшавской школы экономики SGH, окончив с очень хорошими результатами программу последипломного обучения «Академия компаний». --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-14 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/ewelina-rogala-2/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6960e000291a9 Специализируется на делах в сфере широко понимаемого гражданского права и судебных разбирательствах, подведомственных судам общей юрисдикции, в частности по делам, связанным с хозяйственным правом, правом прессы и защитой личных прав. Профессиональный опыт приобрела, сотрудничая с признанными юридическими фирмами и представляя интересы польских и иностранных клиентов в судебных спорах в области гражданского, хозяйственного и банкротного права. Кроме того, отвечала за текущее юридическое обслуживание физических лиц, а также коммерческих компаний и товариществ. Окончила юридический факультет Варшавского университета. Ранее была волонтёром Академического центра юридической помощи (Юридической клиники). Владение иностранными языками подтверждено Сертификатом юридической терминологии и Сертификатом коммуникативных навыков, полученными в школе английского языка для юристов Sawicki LBB. --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-14 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/joanna-chmielinska-2/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6960df7a001a3 Имеет 10-летний опыт оказания юридических услуг хозяйствующим субъектам. Консультирует менеджеров и высшее руководство крупнейших коммерческих компаний в Польше. Специализируется на планировании и эффективном проведении сделок для компаний. Используя опыт в области стратегического консультирования, сопровождает клиентов на каждом этапе сделки — от планирования, через правовой анализ и подготовку и переговоры по транзакционной документации, до завершающего этапа посттранзакционных расчетов и учета. На протяжении всего процесса сделки руководит командой юристов и координирует их работу, обеспечивая клиента последовательной информацией о ходе работ и необходимой поддержкой. Окончила юридический факультет Варшавского университета, а также получила степень магистра права (LL. M. ) Университета Помпеу Фабра в Барселоне. Является членом Окружной палаты юридических советников в Варшаве. Автор многочисленных публикаций, посвященных рынку капитала и коммерческим компаниям. Редактор сайта www. managerwspolce. pl. Опытный представитель (амбассадор) юридической фирмы KKZ Law Firm, участвующая в различных семинарах и стажировках, посвященных функционированию коммерческих компаний. Принимала активное участие в работе экспертной группы по праву групп компаний, результатом которой стал проект поправок к Закону — Кодексу коммерческих компаний, а также к ряду других нормативных актов. --- - Published: 2026-01-09 - Modified: 2026-01-14 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/2193/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6960df1ce0c66 Специализируется на ведении коммерческих судебных споров, стратегическом консультировании, регуляторном консалтинге, а также управлении сложными, многowątkowymi проектами prawными. Эксперт в области потребительского права, конкурентного права и деятельности на регулируемых рынках (финансовые продукты, страхование, криптоактивы). Разрабатывает юридические процессы и анти-litigation системы, адаптированные к потребностям бизнеса. Имеет 15 лет опыта управления портфелями коммерческих судебных споров для отечественных и международных компаний и корпораций. Участвовал в значимых спорах в сферах финансовых продуктов, страхования, внедрения национальных ИТ-систем и инфраструктурных проектов. Представлял интересы банков, страховых компаний, публичных обществ и предпринимателей в судах всех инстанций, а также в международных арбитражных трибуналах. Специалист в области потребительского права. Представлял компании в многочисленных разбирательствах, касающихся нарушений коллективных интересов потребителей, в частности в банковском деле, страховании, финансовых услугах, розничной торговле товарами повседневного спроса, индустрии моды и секторе FMCG. Консультировал отечественные и международные e-commerce компании по вопросам стратегий расширения и соблюдения требований потребительского законодательства на этапах масштабирования бизнеса. Сочетает обширные знания с интересом к проектированию бизнес-процессов и управлению юридическими проектами. Разрабатывает собственные анти-litigation системы и оптимизирует юридические процессы внутри организаций. Консультировал ведущие юридические фирмы и юридические департаменты по проектам, связанным с организацией рабочих процессов и подбором инструментов. В своей работе руководствуется тремя ключевыми принципами: (i) полная ответственность — всесторонняя ответственность за порученные задачи, (ii) радикальная откровенность — честность и открытость как факторы развития, и (iii) установка на рост — стремление к постоянному обучению и адаптации. Ежедневная работа сосредоточена на развитии команды и безусловной ориентации на качество. На протяжении многих лет активно участвует в социальных инициативах и развитии профессиональных знаний юристов. Выступает в качестве... --- - Published: 2025-07-22 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/pawel-golebiewski/ - Tags: English - : pll_6960e0f4cc697 He gained his nearly twenty years of experience as an officer in law enforcement agencies, e. g. at the National Police Headquarters, the Police Central Bureau of Investigation, and the Capital Police Headquarters. He conducted and supervised complex investigations related to economic crime as well as organized economic crime. He had the opportunity to cooperate with the bodies of INTERPOL, EUROPOL, the General Inspector of Financial Information, and foreign services, as well as coordinate the work of investigative teams. He was the head of the Polish unit of the Asset Recovery Office responsible for international cooperation between law enforcement agencies and services in the search for assets. A graduate of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Finance and Management in Warsaw. He also completed post-graduate studies at the University of Warsaw “Issues of organized crime and terrorism”. He also holds the title of a Ph. D. in law, as he’d presented his thesis entitled “Criminal Law and criminological issues of Acting to the Detriment of a capital company”. He gives lectures at the University of Economics and Humanities in Warsaw in the field of criminal procedure, commercial law, forensic science, and international cooperation of law enforcement agencies. He is a lecturer at the National School of Judiciary and Public Prosecution. For a number of years, he also held classes at the Compliance Postgraduate Studies at the Warsaw School of Economics, dealing with the subject of economic crimes and law enforcement control. He is a British Defense... --- - Published: 2025-07-18 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/karolina-sokolowska/ - Tags: English - : pll_6960dfc42035f Lawyer in the Business Law Department. She focuses mainly on civil litigation and commercial law, especially corporate services. She is also interested in bankruptcy and restructuring law. At KKZ, she actively supports senior lawyers. She drafts procedural documents, opinions, analyses, and applications, and provides ongoing services for companies. She conducts thorough research needed for most cases. She started gaining professional experience at the beginning of her studies. She worked not only in renowned law firms but also in the legal department of the largest chemical company in Poland. This allowed her to take part in many corporate projects, including those related to company structure changes. Graduate of the Law College at Kozminski University in Warsaw. She was active in the economic section of the Student Legal Clinic and in the Student Scientific Association "Zobligowani". --- - Published: 2025-07-14 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/ewelina-rogala/ - Tags: English - : pll_6960e000291a9 She specializes in widely construed civil law cases and litigations under the jurisdiction of the common law courts, especially dealing with cases concerning economic law, press law and protection of personal rights. She gathered her professional experience by cooperating with renowned law firms by representing Polish and foreign clients during court litigations on the civil law, economic law and bankruptcy law. Additionally, she was responsible for current legal service for individual clients and commercial companies and partnerships. She graduated from the legal studies from the University of Warsaw. She used to be a volunteer in the Academic Center for Legal Aid (Clinic of Law). Her foreign language skills are proven by the Legal Terminology Certificate and the Communication Skills Certificate which she gained in the Sawicki LBB English school for lawyers. --- - Published: 2025-07-03 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/maciej-trabski/ - Tags: English - : pll_6960df1ce0c66 Specializes in handling commercial litigation, strategic advisory, regulatory consultancy, and managing complex, multifaceted legal projects. An expert in consumer law, competition law, and operations in regulated markets (financial products, insurance, crypto-assets). Develops legal processes and anti-litigation systems tailored to business needs. Boasts 15 years of experience managing commercial litigation portfolios for domestic and international businesses and corporations. Has handled significant disputes in areas such as financial products, insurance, national IT system implementations, and infrastructure projects. Represented banks, insurers, public companies, and entrepreneurs before courts of all instances as well as international arbitration tribunals. A specialist in consumer law. Represented businesses in numerous proceedings concerning violations of collective consumer interests, particularly in the banking, insurance, financial services, consumer retail, fashion, and FMCG sectors. Advised domestic and international e-commerce businesses on expansion strategies and maintaining consumer compliance during scaling phases. Combines extensive knowledge with a passion for designing business processes and managing legal projects. Develops proprietary anti-litigation systems and streamlines legal processes within organizations. Has advised leading law firms and legal departments on projects involving workflow organization and tool selection. Operates based on three core principles: (i) total ownership – full accountability for assigned tasks, (ii) radical candor – honesty and openness as drivers of growth, and (iii) a growth mindset – a commitment to continuous learning and adaptation. His daily work is driven by a focus on team development and a dedicated commitment to quality. Actively engaged for years in social initiatives and the development of legal professionals’ knowledge. Serves as... --- - Published: 2025-07-03 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/marta-kopec/ - Tags: English - : pll_6960e0424d631 She specializes in labour law and commercial law. She is an outstanding expert in labour law, particularly in areas where labour law intertwines with commercial law. She has extensive experience in conducting court cases. She is a member of the Labour Law Association (Stowarzyszenie Prawa Pracy – SPP). She is a personal legal advisor to Members of Management Boards, Managing Directors as well as HR Directors of employers operating in Poland. She is also the author of numerous legal opinions and articles on labour law. In the law firm she supervises the Department of Business Law. Since 2009, she has been advising consumers and entrepreneurs as part of their business activities. She graduated from the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Warsaw. She is also a graduate of the Italian and European Law School established at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Warsaw and run in cooperation with Catania University – Faculty of Law (Universita’ degli studi di Catania Facolta’ di Giurisprudenza). In 2015, she obtained a diploma from SGH Warsaw School of Economics, where she completed the “Academy of Companies” postgraduate studies with very good results. --- - Published: 2025-07-03 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/joanna-chmielinska/ - Tags: English - : pll_6960df7a001a3 She has experience of 10 years in providing legal services for economic entities. She advises managers and the upper rank of supervisors of the largest commercial companies in Poland. She specializes in planning and efficient conducting of transations for companies. Using her experience in strategic advice, she advises clients on every level of the transaction, starting with the planning, through the legal research, preparing and negotiating transaction documents , to the very last level of the post-transaction accounting. During the whole transaction process she manages the team of lawyers and coordinates their work while providing the client with the consistent information on the work proces and the support the client needs. Graduate of the legal studies of The University of Warsaw and the gainer of the Master of Law title of the University of Pompeau Fabra in Barcelona. Member of the District Chamber of Attorneys-at-Law in Warsaw. She’s an author of numerous publications on capital market and commercial companies. Editor of the website www. managerwspolce. pl She’s an experienced ambassador of the KKZ Law Firm during carious workshops and traineeships on the functioning of commercial companies. She took an active part in the works of the expert team on the concern law, which resulted in the project of the amendment of the Act – Commercial Companies Code and some other acts. --- - Published: 2025-04-10 - Modified: 2026-04-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/monika-orczykowska-ru/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33c44cf6f0 Адвокат в отделе уголовного права и комплаенса. Специализируется на уголовном праве, особенно по делам о экономических преступлениях. Представляет интересы физических и юридических лиц на всех уровнях судебного разбирательства, включая взаимодействие с правоохранительными органами. Начала накапливать профессиональный опыт еще во время обучения в университете. Изначально она предоставляла юридические консультации в Университетском офисе юридических консультаций. Постепенно совершенствовала свои навыки, сотрудничая с известными юридическими фирмами в Вроцлаве и Варшаве. Окончила Университет Вроцлава, специализируясь на праве, администрации и экономике. Получила несколько стипендий за отличные оценки. Выпускница магистратуры по уголовному, финансовому и экономическому праву Ягеллонского университета. Успешно сдав экзамен на адвоката, ожидает включения в список адвокатов Варшавской адвокатской палаты. Активно работает в сфере предоставления юридических услуг pro bono. В качестве представителя юридической фирмы KKZ координирует сотрудничество с фондом «Dorastaj z Nami», который наша фирма активно поддерживает. --- - Published: 2025-04-10 - Modified: 2026-04-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/team/maciej-zaborowski-ru/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_67a33bfcaba34 Он специализируется на уголовных делах, праве прессы и личных правах. Ведет судебные дела для ведущих политиков и журналистов. Консультирует президентов и наблюдательные советы крупнейших польских компаний. Эксперт Министерства юстиции по реформам уголовного права. Судья Государственного трибунала. Соавтор многочисленных поправок к законодательству, включая поправки в Уголовный кодекс и Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс. Он получил свой профессиональный опыт, среди прочего, в нескольких известных варшавских юридических фирмах, а также в Посольстве Республики Польша в Риме, Министерстве юстиции и Польском парламенте. Автор множества юридических заключений, связанных с законодательным процессом, в том числе тех, которые были заказаны Канцелярией премьер-министра. Профессиональный медиатор Центра медиации при Верховной коллегии адвокатов, зарегистрирован в списке медиаторов районного суда Варшавы и преподаватель адвокатского обучения в Барной ассоциации Варшавы. С декабря 2020 года является постоянным медиатором Арбитражного суда при Генеральном консульте Республики Польша. Эксперт Министерства юстиции по реформам уголовного права. Соавтор поправок в Уголовный кодекс, Исполнительный уголовный кодекс, Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс, включая так называемое расширенное конфискационное изъятие, расширенную уголовную ответственность экспертов, так называемое преступление неоказания поддержки и ответственность юридических лиц за запрещенные деяния. В феврале 2018 года избран Сеймом (Парламентом) Республики Польша судьей Государственного трибунала — органа, предназначенного для суда над важнейшими политиками Польши, включая президента и премьер-министра. В ноябре 2019 года он был переизбран судьей Государственного трибунала Сеймом. В ноябре 2023 года переизбран в третий раз. Трижды, в 2020, 2022 и 2023 годах, Мачей Заборовский, управляющий партнер KKZ, был награжден в престижном рейтинге «50 самых влиятельных юристов в Польше», подготовленном журналистами газеты «Dziennik. Gazeta Prawna». Победитель престижного конкурса «Rising Stars Lawyers – Leaders of... --- - Published: 2023-12-14 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/monika-orczykowska/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33c44cf6f0 Head of Criminal Law and Compliance Department. Specializes in criminal law, especially cases on economic crimes. Represents individual and corporate clients on every level of the lawsuit, even in front of investigative authorities. Started gathering her professional experience during colledge education. Innitially, it was giving legal advice in The University Office for Legal Advice. Continually, she perfected her professional practice by cooperating with renowned law firms in Wrocław and Warsaw. Graduated from The University of Wrocław specializing in The Law, Administration and Economics. Granted with multiple scholarships for the perfect grades. Graduate of the postgraduate studies of Criminal, Financial and Economic Law on The Jagiellonian University. Having passed the bar exam succesfully, she awaits being included in the list of the barristers of The Bar Association in Warsaw. Actively works in the field of pro publico bono legal services. As The KKZ Law Firm representative, she coordinates the cooperation with The ‘’Dorastaj z Nami’’ Foundation that our Law Firm actively supports. --- - Published: 2023-06-29 - Modified: 2025-10-23 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/team/maciej-zaborowski/ - Tags: English - : pll_67a33bfcaba34 He specializes in criminal cases, press law and personal rights. He conducts litigation for leading politicians and journalists. He advises the presidents and supervisory boards of the largest Polish companies. Ministry of Justice expert in criminal law reforms. Judge of the State Tribunal. Co-author of numerous amendments to the law, including the amendments to the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. He gained his professional experience, among others, in several well-known Warsaw law firms, as well as in the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Rome, the Ministry of Justice and the Polish Parliament. Author of numerous legal opinions related to the legislative process, including those commissioned by the Chancellery of the Prime Minister. Professional mediator of the Mediation Centre at the Supreme Bar Council registered on the list of mediators of the District Court in Warsaw and a lecturer for the advocate training at the Bar Association in Warsaw. Since December 2020, regular mediator of the Arbitration Court at The General Counsel to the Republic of Poland. Ministry of Justice expert in criminal law reforms. Co-author of amendments to the Criminal Code, the Executive Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, including the so-called extended forfeiture, extended criminal liability of expert witnesses, the so-called crime of nonsupport and liability of collective entities for prohibited acts. In February 2018 elected by the Sejm (Parliament) of the Republic of Poland as a judge of the State Tribunal – a body intended to judge the most important politicians in... --- --- ## Specjalizacje - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/inheritance-in-poland/ - Tags: English Inheritance in Poland often requires fast, precise and well-structured legal action. Whether the matter concerns statutory succession, a will, inheritance disputes, reserved share claims, or a cross-border estate, professional legal assistance helps protect the interests of heirs, beneficiaries and family members. Polish inheritance cases may involve not only the transfer of assets, but also the assessment of estate debts, formal declarations, court or notarial proceedings, and tax-related obligations. For this reason, every inheritance matter should be analysed individually and in light of the current provisions of Polish law. Statutory and Testamentary Inheritance in Poland Under Polish inheritance law, succession may arise from a valid will or, if no valid will exists, from statutory inheritance. In the first order of succession, the deceased’s children and spouse inherit in equal shares, provided that the spouse’s share cannot be less than one quarter of the estate. If there is no will, or if a will is invalid or ineffective in whole or in part, it becomes necessary to determine the correct statutory circle of heirs and their respective rights. In many cases, this also involves verifying family status, inheritance titles, prior donations and the legal effect of earlier acts performed by the deceased. Acceptance or Rejection of Inheritance One of the most important issues in any inheritance case in Poland is the decision whether to accept or reject the inheritance. As a rule, an heir has six months from the date on which he or she learned about the title to inherit to... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/asesoramiento-y-litigios-en-proteccion-del-consumidor-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_695251eb3f246 Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm representa a empresarios en procedimientos ante el Presidente de la UOKiK (Oficina de Competencia y Protección del Consumidor), en particular en asuntos de infracción de intereses colectivos de consumidores y en casos de prácticas restrictivas de la competencia. El despacho también presta apoyo en otros ámbitos de actuación de la UOKiK, incluidos procedimientos por bloqueo de pagos y abuso de ventaja contractual. Nuestros abogados han representado a grandes empresas polacas en procedimientos por presunta infracción de intereses colectivos de consumidores, entre otros, en los sectores bancario, financiero, asegurador, e-commerce, moda y FMCG. Nuestros servicios abarcan tanto procedimientos explicativos como procedimientos por aplicación de prácticas que infringen intereses colectivos de consumidores. El equipo cuenta con múltiples decisiones de compromiso y decisiones de archivo, es decir, pronunciamientos de la UOKiK en los que se concluye que la práctica cuestionada no infringía dichos intereses colectivos. Asimismo, contamos con amplia experiencia en derecho de la competencia. Asesoramos tanto a operadores dominantes como a empresas que impugnan prácticas de mercado de monopolistas. Nuestra experiencia incluye representación en procedimientos por acuerdos prohibidos, concertación de precios y abuso de posición dominante. Hemos trabajado, entre otros, en mercados de servicios fitness, transporte de pasajeros, FMCG, hotelería, IT y farmacéutico. Además, ofrecemos asesoramiento preventivo para garantizar el cumplimiento de la normativa de protección al consumidor. Ayudamos a diseñar e implementar políticas internas que incorporan obligaciones de protección de derechos de consumidores y reducen riesgos legales. Asistimos a las empresas en la navegación del complejo... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/proteccion-contra-la-pirateria-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6952528fb125a En la era digital actual, la propiedad intelectual es uno de los activos más valiosos que puede tener una empresa o un creador. Sin embargo, con el rápido crecimiento del contenido en línea, la piratería y las infracciones de derechos de autor son cada vez más frecuentes. En Kopeć & Zaborowski, estamos comprometidos con la protección de los derechos creativos y comerciales de nuestros clientes mediante actuaciones legales firmes y eficaces. La piratería digital en Polonia puede incluir streaming ilegal, difusión no autorizada de música, películas, fotografías, software o cursos online. Estas conductas pueden generar responsabilidad tanto penal como civil conforme al derecho polaco y de la UE. Nuestros abogados, con amplia experiencia, gestionan esta complejidad para garantizar la plena protección de su propiedad intelectual. Una estrategia integral de protección comienza con la correcta identificación de las infracciones y la preservación de evidencia digital. Nuestro equipo trabaja de forma coordinada con expertos en IT, fuerzas de seguridad y fiscalía para construir casos sólidos contra los infractores. Tanto si se trata de una corporación internacional, una plataforma digital o un creador independiente, nuestro despacho ofrece soluciones prácticas y orientadas a resultados, combinando profundo conocimiento jurídico con enfoque tecnológico. En materia de protección antipiratería, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm ofrece, entre otros servicios: Representación legal en procedimientos penales y civiles por piratería digital e infracción de derechos de propiedad intelectual. Cooperación con autoridades policiales polacas, incluida la unidad de ciberdelincuencia y fiscalía. Elaboración de informes periciales sobre evidencia digital y protección de... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/seleccion-y-empleo-de-directivos-y-empleados-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6952553139a97 En el actual entorno empresarial competitivo, atraer y retener talento de alto nivel es clave para el éxito de cualquier organización. El proceso de selección no consiste solo en cubrir vacantes, sino en incorporar a las personas adecuadas, alineadas con los valores, la cultura y los objetivos estratégicos de la empresa. Nos especializamos en ayudar a organizaciones a identificar, atraer y contratar a los mejores directivos y empleados para impulsar el crecimiento y la innovación. Sabemos que la selección tiene un impacto directo en el rendimiento organizativo. Una estrategia de reclutamiento bien ejecutada se traduce en mayor compromiso, mejor productividad y menor rotación. En cambio, decisiones de contratación deficientes generan costes elevados, menor motivación y disfunciones de equipo. Por ello, es imprescindible un enfoque estratégico que vaya más allá de revisar CVs y realizar entrevistas. Kopeć & Zaborowski ofrece servicios de selección personalizados para construir equipos de alto rendimiento. El proceso comienza con un análisis detallado de las necesidades de su organización. Colaboramos con la dirección para definir habilidades, experiencia y competencias requeridas en cada puesto, alineando la búsqueda con sus objetivos estratégicos. Atraer talento empieza con una marca empleadora sólida. Le ayudamos a desarrollar y reforzar su propuesta de valor como empleador, destacando qué hace de su organización un lugar atractivo para trabajar. Esto incluye definir cultura corporativa, valores y beneficios diferenciales para candidatos potenciales. Además, promovemos la diversidad y la inclusión en el entorno laboral. Nuestras estrategias de selección buscan atraer perfiles diversos para enriquecer la organización con... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/litigios-empresariales-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_695258caa3116 La resolución de disputas empresariales es una de nuestras especialidades principales. Entendemos que los conflictos comerciales se alejan por completo de la operativa habitual y que su correcta gestión es crucial para las empresas, sus propietarios y sus directivos. Por eso complementamos el asesoramiento diario a empresas nacionales e internacionales con soporte procesal especializado. Los objetivos de nuestro equipo de litigación son: prevención de disputas, por ejemplo mediante servicios internos de prevención de litigios; apoyo en análisis y gestión del riesgo procesal; asunción de la gestión integral del conflicto, incluido soporte en procesos internos (p. ej. , obtención de pruebas, flujo de información y comunicación); defensa de los intereses de la empresa frente a reclamaciones injustificadas; resolución judicial y extrajudicial de reclamaciones; gestión de reclamaciones masivas. Nuestros abogados asesoran con éxito a empresas polacas e internacionales en disputas de naturaleza singular o elevada complejidad. Representamos los intereses de nuestros clientes ante tribunales de todas las instancias, tribunales arbitrales y organizaciones internacionales. Nuestra experiencia técnica nos permite prestar servicios de litigación al más alto nivel. Desde disputas estratégicas hasta asuntos mercantiles de gran relevancia o reclamaciones masivas, los clientes valoran nuestra eficiencia, la calidad de nuestras soluciones y la seguridad con la que gestionamos cada caso. En materia de litigios empresariales en Polonia, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm también ofrece: Representación integral de empresas extranjeras en litigios ante tribunales polacos y ante el Tribunal Supremo de Polonia. Asesoramiento en disputas con contrapartes polacas. Ejecución de laudos en Polonia y frente a... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/inversion-inmobiliaria-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_69525baf4ecec Polonia, con su rica historia, su cultura vibrante y su economía dinámica, se ha convertido en un destino cada vez más atractivo para los inversores extranjeros. Como despacho líder dedicado a facilitar inversiones inmobiliarias, ofrecemos servicios jurídicos integrales adaptados a las necesidades de clientes internacionales que desean invertir en inmuebles en Polonia. Nuestra experiencia garantiza un proceso de inversión fluido, seguro y eficaz. El mercado inmobiliario polaco ha mostrado una notable resiliencia y crecimiento, lo que lo convierte en una ubicación prioritaria para invertir. Gracias a su posición estratégica en Europa Central, una economía en expansión y un entorno político estable, Polonia ofrece múltiples oportunidades en los sectores residencial, comercial e industrial. Además, la demanda de inmuebles sigue aumentando, impulsada por la urbanización, una demografía favorable y el creciente interés internacional. Navegar por la complejidad del mercado inmobiliario polaco puede ser un reto, especialmente para inversores extranjeros no familiarizados con la normativa local. Kopeć & Zaborowski está especializado en asistencia legal en todas las fases de la inversión inmobiliaria. Realizamos due diligence exhaustiva para verificar la situación jurídica de los inmuebles y confirmar que no existan cargas ni litigios. Este proceso incluye la verificación de titularidad, normativa urbanística y posibles responsabilidades. Nuestro equipo negocia y redacta toda la documentación necesaria, incluidos contratos de compraventa, arrendamiento y joint venture, garantizando la protección de sus intereses en todo momento. Asesoramos sobre opciones de financiación para inversiones inmobiliarias, incluyendo hipotecas, préstamos y fondos de inversión, con el objetivo de asegurar la estructura financiera... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/estructuracion-de-holdings-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_69525e7769143 En Kopeć Zaborowski Law Firm estamos especializados en la prestación de servicios legales integrales para la creación de estructuras holding en Polonia. Nuestro equipo, con amplia experiencia, acompaña a inversores extranjeros en la complejidad del derecho polaco, garantizando un proceso ágil y seguro para establecer y gestionar holdings. Comenzamos entendiendo sus objetivos de negocio para ofrecer asesoramiento jurídico personalizado y diseñar una estrategia de holding alineada con sus necesidades. Aseguramos el cumplimiento de la normativa polaca y optimizamos la estructura para lograr eficiencia fiscal y operativa. También brindamos soporte legal continuo para mantener la conformidad regulatoria de la compañía. Nuestros servicios incluyen redacción y revisión de documentación societaria, asesoramiento en pactos de socios y cumplimiento de obligaciones de reporte. Sabemos que la planificación fiscal es clave para maximizar las ventajas del holding. Por ello, trabajamos estrechamente con expertos fiscales de confianza para ofrecer asesoramiento estratégico en optimización tributaria, estructuración de operaciones, gestión de cargas fiscales y cumplimiento de normativa local e internacional. Cuando la estructura holding incluye inversiones inmobiliarias, ofrecemos servicios especializados en adquisición, gestión y arrendamiento de activos. Nuestros abogados negocian y redactan contratos de alquiler, gestionan conflictos inmobiliarios y aseguran el cumplimiento de la normativa polaca del sector. En materia de estructuración de holdings, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm también ofrece: Preparación de la estrategia de actividad del grupo de capital, considerando entidades y recursos económicos. Preparación, análisis y negociación de contratos holding. Preparación, revisión y negociación de documentación ejecutiva, incluidos acuerdos de servicios compartidos dentro del grupo.... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/divorce-in-poland-strategic-legal-support-in-divorce-cases/ - Tags: English Looking for a divorce lawyer in Poland requires more than finding general legal assistance. A properly handled divorce in Poland should begin with a precise legal assessment of the marriage breakdown, the client’s procedural position, the likely evidence required by the court, and the practical issues that must be resolved in the final judgment. Under Polish divorce law, a marriage may be dissolved only by a court where there has been a complete and irretrievable breakdown of marital life. Even if that condition is met, the court must refuse the divorce where it would harm the welfare of the spouses’ minor children, conflict with the principles of social coexistence, or where the claim is brought by the spouse solely at fault and the statutory exceptions do not apply. For that reason, effective representation in divorce proceedings in Poland should never be limited to drafting one pleading. It should involve a carefully planned legal strategy, focused on the facts that matter most to the court, the quality of documentary evidence, witness preparation, and the protection of the client’s personal, parental and financial interests from the very start of the case. How to File for Divorce in Poland If a party intends to file for divorce in Poland, the case must be brought before the competent Regional Court. As a rule, jurisdiction is linked to the spouses’ last common place of residence, provided that at least one of them still resides or habitually stays in that district. If that basis does not... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/child-custody-lawyer-in-poland/ - Tags: English Matters commonly described as child custody in Poland are governed by rules concerning parental authority, the child’s place of residence, contact rights, and decisions related to upbringing, education, health, and everyday care. In every case, the decisive legal principle is the best interests of the child. Under Polish law, both parents generally retain parental authority and should jointly decide on the child’s important matters. If no agreement can be reached, the dispute may be resolved by the competent family court in Poland. In divorce, separation, and disputes between parents living apart, the court determines how parental authority should be exercised and how the child’s relationship with each parent should be protected. Parental Authority and Child Custody in Poland In practice, child custody matters in Poland are not limited to deciding with whom the child will live. They also include the legal framework for exercising parental authority in Poland, including the right and duty to care for the child’s person and property and to make essential decisions regarding the child’s future. A Polish court may leave parental authority with both parents if they present a workable written arrangement on parental responsibilities and contact, provided that such an arrangement is consistent with the child’s welfare. If cooperation between the parents is not possible, the court may entrust the exercise of parental authority to one parent and limit the authority of the other parent to specifically defined rights and obligations. For this reason, legal advice from a child custody lawyer in Poland is... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/parental-authority-in-poland/ - Tags: English Parental authority in Poland is one of the key institutions of Polish family law. It is governed primarily by the Family and Guardianship Code and is always exercised with the best interests of the child as the overriding principle. As a rule, parental authority is vested in both parents and remains in force until the child reaches the age of majority. It includes not only parental rights, but also legal duties connected with the child’s care, upbringing, property, and representation. In practice, cases concerning parental authority often require immediate legal analysis, strategic action, and effective representation before the guardianship court. What Does Parental Authority Include? Under Polish law, parental authority covers the duty and the right to care for the child’s person and property, to raise the child with respect for the child’s dignity and rights, and to represent the child in legal matters. This includes decisions regarding the child’s residence, education, medical treatment, travel abroad, official documents, and the management of the child’s assets. Where both parents exercise parental authority, they are required to decide jointly on important matters concerning the child. If no agreement can be reached, the dispute may be referred to the family court in Poland for resolution. Parental Authority After Divorce or Separation In divorce, separation, or other disputes between parents living apart, the court must determine how parental authority will be exercised. Polish law allows the court to take into account a written parental agreement if it is consistent with the child’s welfare. If... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/division-of-marital-property-in-poland/ - Tags: English Division of marital property in Poland requires a precise legal assessment of the spouses’ property regime, the dates on which particular assets were acquired, the source of funds used for their purchase, and the evidence available to prove ownership and financial contributions. Under Polish law, a statutory community property regime generally arises upon marriage and, as a rule, covers assets acquired during the marriage by both spouses or by only one of them. By contrast, assets acquired before marriage and, in principle, property obtained by inheritance or gift remain part of a spouse’s separate property, unless specific legal circumstances provide otherwise. What Is Included in the Joint Marital Estate? The scope of the joint marital estate must always be examined individually. In practice, it may include real estate, bank savings, vehicles, investment assets, business-related property, and valuable movable items acquired during the marriage. Proper classification of assets is essential because not every item used by the spouses automatically forms part of the joint estate. In many disputes, the key issue is whether a given asset was purchased from joint funds, from one spouse’s separate property, or with a combination of both. When Can Marital Property Be Divided? During the existence of the statutory community, neither spouse may demand a division of the joint estate or dispose of a future share in that estate. Once the community property regime ends, however, the former spouses may proceed with a property division either by agreement or through court proceedings. An amicable settlement is... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/inherited-real-estate-in-poland/ - Tags: English Inherited real estate in Poland often requires much more than a simple confirmation of succession. Although, under Polish law, the estate opens at the moment of death and the heir acquires the estate at that time, the practical use, division, sale, or registration of a property usually requires a carefully planned legal process. This is especially important where the estate includes an apartment, house, land, commercial premises, or a share in real estate, and where several heirs, a will, debts, or cross-border elements are involved. How to Accept or Reject an Inheritance in Poland Our legal assistance in matters concerning property inherited in Poland is focused on securing title, reducing risk, and enabling clients to make effective decisions about the asset. We advise on acceptance or rejection of inheritance, including the statutory six-month deadline for filing a declaration, and we assess the legal and financial consequences of each option. We also support clients in obtaining formal confirmation of heirship through a court decision confirming acquisition of the estate or a notarial deed of certification of inheritance, depending on the circumstances of the case. In cross-border matters, we also assist in analysing whether a European Certificate of Succession may be required for practical use of inheritance rights. Division of Inherited Real Estate in Poland Between Heirs Where real estate passes to more than one heir, Polish law treats the estate as a form of co-ownership until the division of the estate is completed. In practice, this is often the stage at... --- - Published: 2026-03-31 - Modified: 2026-03-31 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/recuperacion-de-reclamaciones-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_69526604a3cb2 La recuperación de reclamaciones se refiere a los procedimientos legales orientados a recuperar deudas o pérdidas derivadas de impagos, disputas contractuales u otras obligaciones incumplidas. Nuestro despacho ofrece un conjunto integral de servicios para gestionar de forma eficiente las distintas fases de la recuperación, protegiendo al mismo tiempo sus intereses. Ayudamos a nuestros clientes a recuperar deudas pendientes, tanto frente a personas físicas como frente a entidades mercantiles. Nuestro enfoque incluye un análisis exhaustivo de la deuda, la evaluación de la probabilidad real de cobro y la implementación de estrategias adaptadas al caso, que pueden incluir negociación, mediación o litigio. Nuestro objetivo es recuperar los importes adeudados de manera eficiente, minimizando cualquier posible impacto en su actividad empresarial. Cuando existe incumplimiento contractual —por facturas impagadas, falta de entrega de bienes o incumplimiento de estándares de servicio—, nuestro equipo actúa en su defensa. Analizamos los detalles de su caso y recopilamos toda la documentación y prueba necesaria para sustentar su reclamación, garantizando la plena protección de sus derechos. Para clientes con asuntos transfronterizos, ofrecemos servicios adaptados a procesos internacionales de recuperación de créditos. Entendemos la complejidad de operar entre distintas jurisdicciones y velamos por el cumplimiento de la normativa aplicable durante toda la tramitación de la reclamación. Cuando no es posible alcanzar una solución amistosa mediante negociación, nuestros abogados están preparados para representarle ante tribunales o en arbitraje. Contamos con una trayectoria acreditada en la gestión eficaz de disputas y en la obtención de resultados favorables para nuestros clientes. Nuestro equipo... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/transacciones-de-fusiones-y-adquisiciones-ma-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_6952464f43e88 En el dinámico mundo empresarial, las fusiones y adquisiciones (M&A) son estrategias clave para el crecimiento y la expansión. Participar en operaciones de M&A puede abrir nuevas oportunidades para su organización, pero la complejidad legal puede ser desafiante. En Kopeć Zaborowski, ofrecemos asesoramiento jurídico experto para facilitar transacciones fluidas, permitiendo a nuestros clientes navegar el marco legal polaco con confianza. Las fusiones y adquisiciones implican la consolidación de empresas o activos y son herramientas fundamentales para aumentar cuota de mercado, reforzar capacidades e impulsar la rentabilidad. Sin embargo, estas operaciones requieren una planificación y ejecución rigurosas para abordar aspectos legales, financieros y operativos. Nuestro equipo especializado le acompaña en todas las etapas del proceso de M&A. Un proceso integral de due diligence es esencial para identificar riesgos y pasivos potenciales. Nuestros abogados realizan revisiones exhaustivas de registros financieros, contratos y cumplimiento normativo, ofreciendo una visión clara de la situación de la empresa objetivo. Diseñar la estructura adecuada de la operación es crucial para alcanzar sus objetivos de negocio. Le asistimos en la negociación de términos alineados con su estrategia, ya sea mediante compra de activos, adquisición de acciones o fusión. En Polonia, las operaciones de M&A pueden estar sujetas a diversas regulaciones, incluidas normas de competencia y autorizaciones sectoriales. Nuestro despacho garantiza el cumplimiento riguroso de todos los requisitos regulatorios, minimizando el riesgo de retrasos o sanciones. Contratos claros y eficaces son la base de una transacción exitosa. Prestamos servicios expertos de redacción de contratos de compraventa, pactos de socios... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/proteccion-de-la-reputacion-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_695239d49597c En el mundo interconectado de los medios y las redes sociales, la reputación se ha convertido en uno de los activos más importantes tanto para particulares como para empresas. Proteger el buen nombre, la imagen y la credibilidad es esencial para mantener la confianza y el éxito empresarial. En Kopeć & Zaborowski, ofrecemos servicios jurídicos integrales dedicados a la defensa de la reputación y de los derechos personales conforme al derecho polaco. La difamación, la calumnia y la difusión de información falsa pueden producirse a través de medios tradicionales, plataformas en línea o declaraciones públicas. El derecho civil y penal polaco ofrece mecanismos sólidos para responder a estas vulneraciones: desde reclamaciones de rectificación y disculpa hasta indemnización económica y responsabilidad penal de los infractores. Nuestros abogados combinan una amplia experiencia procesal con habilidades de comunicación estratégica y gestión de crisis, garantizando que cada asunto se trate con discreción y eficacia. --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/constitucion-de-sociedades-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_69523d9013307 Polonia ofrece un mercado dinámico y en crecimiento para emprendedores y empresas que desean ampliar sus operaciones en Europa. Constituir una sociedad en Polonia puede ser una decisión estratégica, pero navegar por el entorno regulatorio puede resultar complejo. En Kopeć Zaborowski, nos especializamos en ofrecer servicios jurídicos personalizados para simplificar el proceso de constitución, ayudándole a establecer una base sólida para el éxito de su negocio. La economía sólida de Polonia, su mano de obra cualificada y su ubicación geográfica estratégica la convierten en un destino atractivo para inversores extranjeros. Constituir su empresa aquí no solo permite acceder al mercado de la Unión Europea, sino que también ofrece diversos incentivos y sistemas de apoyo. No obstante, comprender los requisitos y procedimientos legales aplicables es fundamental para garantizar el cumplimiento normativo y optimizar la estructura empresarial. Elegir la forma jurídica adecuada para su empresa es esencial. Le guiamos a través de las distintas opciones disponibles en Polonia, incluidas las sociedades de responsabilidad limitada (sp. z o. o. ), las sociedades anónimas (S. A. ) y las sociedades de personas, para ayudarle a seleccionar la estructura que mejor se adapte a sus objetivos. El proceso de constitución requiere documentación específica, incluidos estatutos sociales, planes de negocio y formularios de registro. Nuestro equipo con experiencia le asiste en la preparación y revisión de todos los documentos necesarios para garantizar que cumplan los estándares legales. Navegar por el marco regulatorio polaco puede ser un reto. Nos aseguramos de que su empresa cumpla con todas... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/construccion-de-la-cultura-corporativa-de-la-organizacion-en-polonia-sobre-nosotros/ - Tags: Español - : pll_69523f8989981 En el entorno empresarial actual, marcado por un ritmo acelerado, una cultura corporativa sólida no es solo un valor añadido: es un componente esencial del éxito organizacional. Una cultura corporativa bien definida fomenta el compromiso de los empleados, impulsa el rendimiento y mejora los resultados globales del negocio. En Kopeć & Zaborowski, nos especializamos en ayudar a las organizaciones a crear y desarrollar una cultura corporativa alineada con sus valores fundamentales, su misión y sus objetivos estratégicos. La cultura corporativa engloba las creencias, los comportamientos y los valores que determinan cómo interactúan y colaboran los empleados dentro de una organización. Una cultura corporativa positiva puede traducirse en una mayor motivación del personal, un aumento de la productividad y una mejor retención del talento. Además, las organizaciones con una cultura sólida están mejor posicionadas para atraer a los mejores profesionales y adaptarse a los cambios del mercado. Por el contrario, una cultura débil o tóxica puede generar desmotivación, alta rotación y una disminución del desempeño organizacional. Nuestro equipo realiza evaluaciones integrales para comprender la cultura existente en su organización. Utilizamos encuestas, entrevistas y grupos focales para recopilar perspectivas de empleados de todos los niveles, identificando fortalezas y áreas de mejora. Trabajamos estrechamente con los equipos directivos para definir o perfeccionar la visión, la misión y los valores fundamentales de la organización. Una visión clara e inspiradora funciona como guía, mientras que los valores compartidos proporcionan un marco para la toma de decisiones y el comportamiento. Los empleados comprometidos tienen más probabilidades... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/regulatorio-y-fiscal-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_695242da7d650 Como despacho líder en Polonia, nos dedicamos a ofrecer soluciones jurídicas integrales adaptadas a las necesidades específicas de empresas y personas extranjeras que deben desenvolverse en la complejidad del entorno fiscal y regulatorio polaco. Nuestro equipo le guía en los aspectos de cumplimiento normativo y fiscalidad local, para que usted pueda centrarse en lo que mejor sabe hacer: hacer crecer su negocio. Los servicios de Fiscal y Regulatorio abarcan una amplia gama de funciones jurídicas y de asesoramiento diseñadas para ayudar a los clientes a cumplir la legislación polaca y, al mismo tiempo, optimizar sus obligaciones tributarias. Estos servicios son clave para entidades extranjeras que desean establecer o ampliar su presencia en Polonia, así como para particulares que necesitan apoyo para navegar el marco legal local. Reconociendo que no hay dos empresas iguales, aplicamos un enfoque personalizado. Tanto si se trata de una startup como de una multinacional consolidada, trabajamos estrechamente con usted para comprender sus necesidades y retos concretos, ofreciendo soluciones a medida que impulsan resultados. En materia regulatoria y fiscal, el despacho Kopeć & Zaborowski ofrece: Asesoramiento en cumplimiento de la normativa polaca y obligaciones regulatorias para cualquier tipo de actividad o presencia empresarial en Polonia. Representación en contactos con organismos gubernamentales y autoridades administrativas. Representación en procedimientos administrativos ante autoridades polacas, incluidas: Comisión de Supervisión Financiera (KNF). Oficina de Competencia y Protección del Consumidor (UOKiK). Municipios. Autoridades penales. Evaluación de la posición fiscal y asesoramiento tributario. Representación en procedimientos ante autoridades fiscales polacas. Recuperación de retenciones en... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/salida-de-negocio-de-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_695249590623a En Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm entendemos que salir de un negocio puede ser tan complejo como iniciarlo. Nuestro equipo jurídico, con amplia experiencia, ofrece apoyo integral a inversores extranjeros que desean cerrar sus operaciones empresariales en Polonia. Garantizamos un proceso fluido, eficiente y plenamente conforme con los requisitos legales aplicables. Comenzamos con un análisis jurídico exhaustivo de la situación de su empresa. Nuestro equipo ofrece asesoramiento personalizado y desarrolla un plan estratégico de salida. Nos aseguramos de que se contemplen todos los aspectos legales y financieros, minimizando riesgos y maximizando eficiencia. Nuestros expertos gestionan todas las fases de la liquidación y baja registral de sociedades. Asistimos en la preparación de la documentación necesaria, en la interlocución con las autoridades competentes y en el cumplimiento de la normativa polaca. Ya se trate del cierre de una sociedad de responsabilidad limitada, una sociedad anónima u otra forma jurídica, proporcionamos soporte integral. Una planificación financiera y fiscal eficaz es clave para una salida exitosa. Colaboramos con asesores fiscales de confianza para ofrecer recomendaciones estratégicas en gestión de pasivos fiscales, cumplimiento de normativa local e internacional y optimización del resultado financiero del proceso de salida. La gestión de asuntos laborales es un aspecto crítico del cierre empresarial. Prestamos asistencia legal en notificaciones a empleados, cálculo de compensaciones y procedimientos de terminación. Nuestro objetivo es asegurar que todas las obligaciones laborales se cumplan conforme al derecho laboral polaco. Si su empresa dispone de activos a liquidar, nuestro equipo puede asistir en todo el proceso.... --- - Published: 2026-03-30 - Modified: 2026-03-30 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/contratos-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_69524ef79c6a7 El derecho contractual regula la creación, interpretación y ejecución de acuerdos entre partes. Tanto si necesita redactar un nuevo contrato, revisar acuerdos existentes o resolver una disputa, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm ofrece servicios integrales en todas las áreas del derecho de contratos, para que pueda operar con seguridad jurídica en sus transacciones. Nuestro equipo se especializa en redactar contratos claros y completos, adaptados a sus necesidades concretas. Dedicamos tiempo a comprender sus objetivos y las particularidades de su sector para elaborar acuerdos jurídicamente sólidos, que reduzcan riesgos y protejan sus intereses. Desde contratos laborales hasta acuerdos de socios, garantizamos una formulación precisa de todas las cláusulas esenciales. Antes de celebrar cualquier acuerdo, es fundamental revisar y negociar sus términos en detalle. Prestamos un servicio minucioso de revisión contractual para detectar riesgos potenciales y proponer modificaciones alineadas con sus objetivos. Nuestros abogados negociadores defienden sus intereses para obtener condiciones favorables y resultados ventajosos. En caso de incumplimiento, nuestro despacho le asiste en la elección de la mejor vía de actuación. Analizamos las circunstancias del incumplimiento, valoramos posibles remedios y le guiamos en procesos de negociación, mediación o litigio cuando sea necesario. Nuestro objetivo es resolver conflictos protegiendo sus derechos e inversiones. Los contratos deben cumplir, con frecuencia, distintos marcos legales y regulatorios. Ayudamos a nuestros clientes a navegar esta complejidad, asegurando que los acuerdos cumplan los requisitos normativos y contemplen adecuadamente riesgos de cumplimiento. Este enfoque preventivo reduce la probabilidad de disputas y mejora la exigibilidad de los contratos. Además... --- - Published: 2026-03-20 - Modified: 2026-03-20 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/es/specialization/despidos-de-empleados-en-polonia/ - Tags: Español - : pll_695261d06594b En el dinámico entorno empresarial actual, las organizaciones a menudo se enfrentan a decisiones difíciles, incluida la necesidad de reducir su plantilla. Comprender la complejidad de los despidos laborales es fundamental tanto para empleadores como para empleados. En Kopeć & Zaborowski, nos especializamos en ofrecer servicios jurídicos integrales para abordar las particularidades del derecho laboral en Polonia, garantizando que nuestros clientes estén bien informados y acompañados durante todo el proceso. Aunque los despidos pueden ser necesarios para la sostenibilidad de una empresa, también pueden acarrear consecuencias legales importantes. Nuestro despacho se centra en guiar tanto a empleadores como a empleados en este marco complejo, ayudando a reducir riesgos y a asegurar el cumplimiento de la legislación laboral polaca. Para propietarios de empresas y profesionales de RR. HH. , gestionar despidos exige una planificación y ejecución cuidadosas. Nuestro equipo jurídico, con amplia experiencia, asesora a empleadores en cada etapa. Ayudamos a diseñar una estrategia integral de despidos alineada con los objetivos del negocio y orientada a minimizar riesgos legales. Esto incluye la definición de criterios de selección de personal y la garantía de transparencia durante todo el procedimiento. Dado que en Polonia existen normas específicas sobre despidos —incluida la obligación de consultar con los representantes de los trabajadores y respetar los plazos de preaviso—, velamos por que se cumplan todos los requisitos legales para evitar posibles conflictos. La elaboración de paquetes de indemnización justos es esencial para mantener una imagen positiva del empleador. Nuestros abogados negocian y redactan acuerdos de salida... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bc%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%81%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_695258caa3116 Разрешение коммерческих споров является одной из ключевых специализаций нашей фирмы. Мы понимаем, насколько далеко бизнес-конфликты отходят от привычной деятельности компаний и насколько важно для владельцев и менеджеров эффективно управлять такими ситуациями. Именно поэтому мы дополняем нашу ежедневную правовую поддержку национальных и международных компаний специализированным сопровождением в судебных процессах. Цель нашей команды по судебным спорам заключается в следующем: предотвращение конфликтов, например, с помощью внутреннего антикризисного сопровождения;  поддержка компаний в анализе и управлении процессуальными рисками;  полное управление спором, включая поддержку внутренних процессов (сбор доказательств, обеспечение информационных и коммуникационных потоков);  защита интересов компаний от необоснованных претензий;  урегулирование споров в судебном и досудебном порядке;  ведение массовых исков.   Наши юристы успешно консультируют польские и международные компании в спорах уникального характера или значительной сложности. Мы представляем интересы клиентов во всех судебных инстанциях, арбитражах и международных организациях. Наш уникальный опыт позволяет нам предоставлять услуги высочайшего уровня — от стратегических конфликтов до значимых коммерческих споров и массовых исков. Клиенты ценят нашу эффективность, качество решений и уверенность в ведении каждого дела. В рамках юридической практики, касающейся коммерческих споров в Польше, юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski также предлагает: комплексное представительство иностранных компаний в спорах в польских судах и Верховном Суде Польши;  консультации по спорам с польскими контрагентами;  приведение в исполнение решений иностранных судов и арбитражей в Польше и в отношении польских компаний;  розыск и возврат активов в Польше.   Наша фирма успешно реализовала множество проектов в области коммерческих судебных споров, что подтверждает наш опыт и стремление к высокому уровню обслуживания. Среди ключевых проектов: представительство одной из ведущих консалтинговых компаний... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b2%d0%b7%d1%8b%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_69526604a3cb2 Взыскание задолженности — это комплекс юридических действий, направленных на возврат долгов или убытков, возникших в результате неоплаты, нарушения договорных обязательств или иных неисполненных обязанностей. Наша фирма предлагает полный спектр услуг, направленных на эффективное управление процессом взыскания при одновременной защите ваших интересов. Мы оказываем помощь в возврате просроченной задолженности как с физических, так и с юридических лиц. Наш подход включает тщательную оценку задолженности, анализ вероятности её погашения и разработку индивидуальной стратегии, которая может включать переговоры, медиацию или судебное разбирательство. Наша цель — добиться максимально эффективного и оперативного взыскания, минимизируя при этом влияние на вашу текущую деятельность. В случае нарушения обязательств по договорам — будь то неоплаченные счета-фактуры, недопоставка товаров или ненадлежащее исполнение услуг — наша команда защищает ваши интересы. Мы анализируем обстоятельства дела, собираем необходимую документацию и доказательства, чтобы обеспечить полное и надлежащее представление ваших прав. Для клиентов, сталкивающихся с трансграничными вопросами, мы предоставляем услуги, адаптированные под международные процессы взыскания задолженности. Мы понимаем сложности различных юрисдикций и обеспечиваем соблюдение соответствующих норм при одновременном активном продвижении ваших интересов. Если мирное урегулирование недостижимо, наши опытные юристы готовы представлять ваши интересы в судах или арбитражных разбирательствах. Мы обладаем подтверждённым опытом эффективного ведения споров и достижения благоприятных результатов. Наша команда располагает значительным практическим опытом взыскания задолженности в различных секторах и подходит к этому процессу максимально проактивно — своевременно выявляя возможные риски и оперативно реагируя на них, чтобы увеличить шансы успешного взыскания. Индивидуальный подход позволяет нам выстраивать стратегии, учитывающие цели и ожидания каждого клиента. В сфере взыскания задолженности в Польше юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski также... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%83%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d1%81%d0%be%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b2-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_695261d06594b В условиях динамично развивающейся бизнес-среды организациям всё чаще приходится принимать сложные решения, включая необходимость сокращения численности персонала. Понимание всех аспектов, связанных с увольнениями работников, имеет решающее значение как для работодателей, так и для сотрудников. В Kopeć & Zaborowski мы специализируемся на комплексном юридическом сопровождении, связанного с нюансами трудового законодательства Польши, обеспечивая нашим клиентам осведомлённость и поддержку на каждом этапе процесса. Хотя сокращения персонала нередко необходимы для сохранения устойчивости бизнеса, они могут иметь серьёзные юридические последствия. Наша юридическая фирма оказывает всестороннюю помощь работодателям и сотрудникам, помогая снизить риски и обеспечить соблюдение норм польского трудового права. Для владельцев бизнеса и специалистов по кадрам управление процессом увольнений требует тщательного планирования и грамотной реализации. Наша опытная команда юристов оказывает поддержку работодателям на каждом этапе. Мы помогаем разработать комплексную стратегию сокращений, которая соответствует бизнес-целям компании и минимизирует юридические риски. Это включает определение критериев отбора сотрудников и обеспечение прозрачности процесса. Так как в Польше действуют специфические правила, регулирующие увольнения, включая необходимость консультаций с представителями работников и соблюдение сроков уведомления, мы следим за тем, чтобы все юридические требования были выполнены — это позволяет избежать потенциальных споров. Подготовка справедливых выходных пособий имеет ключевое значение для поддержания положительного имиджа работодателя. Наши юристы разрабатывают и согласовывают соглашения о расторжении трудового договора, защищающие интересы работодателя и обеспечивающие справедливую компенсацию сотрудникам. В случае возникновения разногласий, связанных с увольнениями, мы предлагаем эффективные стратегии разрешения споров, включая медиацию и представительство в трудовом суде при необходимости. В рамках вопросов, связанных с увольнениями сотрудников, юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski также предлагает: Определение индивидуальных или групповых увольнений; ... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b7%d0%b4%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%85%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85-%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_69525e7769143 В юридической фирме Kopeć Zaborowski мы специализируемся на комплексном правовом сопровождении процессов создания холдинговых структур в Польше. Наша опытная команда помогает иностранным инвесторам ориентироваться в нюансах польского законодательства, обеспечивая прозрачный, эффективный и безопасный процесс создания и управления холдинговыми структурами. Мы начинаем сотрудничество с тщательного изучения ваших бизнес-целей, чтобы подготовить индивидуальные юридические рекомендации и разработать стратегический план формирования холдинговой структуры, оптимально соответствующей вашим потребностям. Мы обеспечиваем полное соблюдение польских нормативных требований, а также оптимизацию структуры с точки зрения налогообложения и операционной эффективности. Мы предоставляем постоянную юридическую поддержку, включая подготовку и анализ корпоративных документов, консультации по акционерным соглашениям и соблюдение обязательств по корпоративной отчётности. Мы также понимаем, что эффективное налоговое планирование является неотъемлемым элементом максимизации преимуществ холдинговой структуры. Мы тесно сотрудничаем с доверенными налоговыми консультантами, чтобы предоставить стратегические рекомендации по налоговой оптимизации и помочь клиентам ориентироваться в сложностях польского налогового законодательства. Мы поддерживаем структурирование транзакций, управление налоговыми обязательствами и обеспечение соответствия международным и местным налоговым требованиям. Если холдинговая структура включает инвестиции в недвижимость, мы предлагаем специализированные юридические услуги, связанные с приобретением, управлением и арендой объектов. Наши юристы ведут переговоры и готовят договоры аренды, решают имущественные споры и обеспечивают соответствие польским нормам о недвижимости. В рамках формирования холдинговых структур юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski также предоставляет: Разработку стратегии деятельности группы компаний с учётом существующих экономических связей или капитала; Подготовку, анализ и проведение переговоров по холдинговым договорам; Подготовку, анализ и согласование исполнительной документации, включая соглашения об общих услугах внутри группы; Сопровождение процессов внедрения регуляционных норм в группе компаний. Поддержку подразделений корпоративного надзора при реализации... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b6%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8c-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_69525baf4ecec Польша, обладая богатой историей, яркой культурой и динамично развивающейся экономикой, становится всё более привлекательным направлением для иностранных инвесторов. Как ведущая юридическая фирма, специализирующаяся на сопровождении инвестиций в недвижимость, мы предлагаем комплексные юридические услуги, ориентированные на потребности международных клиентов, заинтересованных в приобретении недвижимости в Польше. Наш опыт гарантирует, что ваш инвестиционный процесс будет безопасным, прозрачным и эффективным. Рынок недвижимости Польши демонстрирует устойчивый рост и высокую привлекательность, что делает страну одним из ключевых мест для инвестиций. Благодаря стратегическому расположению в Центральной Европе, стабильной политической ситуации и растущей экономике Польша предлагает широкие возможности в жилом, коммерческом и промышленном сегментах недвижимости. Спрос на объекты продолжает расти, стимулируемый урбанизацией, благоприятными демографическими тенденциями и растущим интересом иностранных инвесторов. Навигация по юридическим и административным аспектам польского рынка недвижимости может оказаться непростой задачей для инвесторов, не знакомых с местным законодательством. Kopeć & Zaborowski предоставляет комплексную правовую поддержку на всех этапах инвестиционного процесса. Мы осуществляем тщательную юридическую проверку недвижимости, исследуя её правовой статус, наличие обременений, судебных процессов и соответствие градостроительным нормам. Наша команда готовит и ведёт переговоры по всем видам договоров — купли-продажи, аренды, инвестиционного партнёрства — обеспечивая максимальную защиту ваших интересов. Мы консультируем клиентов по вопросам финансирования проектов и доступным инструментам — ипотечным кредитам, инвестиционным фондам, банковским продуктам — гарантируя оптимальный выбор финансовой стратегии. Мы обеспечиваем соответствие сделки польским юридическим требованиям: регистрация прав собственности, налоговые вопросы, экологические нормы и другие обязательные этапы. Мы предоставляем не только транзакционное сопровождение, но и долгосрочную юридическую поддержку, включая управление недвижимостью, соблюдение нормативных требований и сопровождение последующих сделок. Дополнительные услуги Kopeć & Zaborowski... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80-%d0%b8-%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%be%d1%83%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b9%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%be-%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b6%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6952553139a97 В условиях современной конкуренции на рынке труда привлечение и удержание лучших специалистов является ключевым фактором успеха каждой организации. Процесс рекрутинга — это не только заполнение вакансий. Это поиск людей, которые соответствуют ценностям компании, её культуре и стратегическим целям. Мы помогаем организациям находить, привлекать и нанимать лучших менеджеров и сотрудников, способных обеспечить рост и инновации. Рекрутинг напрямую влияет на эффективность компании: правильный подбор кадров снижает текучесть персонала, повышает вовлечённость и улучшает результаты работы. Неверные решения в найме, напротив, могут привести к значительным затратам, снижению мотивации и нарушению работы команд. Поэтому необходим стратегический подход, выходящий за рамки стандартного анализа резюме и проведения интервью. Kopeć & Zaborowski предлагает широкий спектр услуг, направленных на формирование высокоэффективной команды. Работа начинается с детального анализа потребностей организации. Мы совместно с руководством определяем требуемые навыки, опыт и качества для каждой позиции, обеспечивая соответствие рекрутинговых действий стратегическим целям компании. Привлечение лучших талантов начинается с сильного имиджа работодателя. Мы помогаем разработать и укрепить вашу ценностную платформу работодателя, подчеркнув особенности культуры, ценности и преимущества работы в вашей организации. Мы также уделяем большое внимание вопросам разнообразия и инклюзии. Наши рекрутинговые стратегии направлены на привлечение кандидатов с разным опытом и взглядами, что способствует формированию более устойчивой и инновационной команды. Процесс рекрутинга не заканчивается на этапе найма. Мы предоставляем поддержку в адаптации сотрудников, помогая им эффективно интегрироваться в компанию. Компетентный онбординг способствует росту вовлечённости и повышает удержание сотрудников в долгосрочной перспективе. В рамках услуг по подбору и трудоустройству менеджеров и сотрудников Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm также предлагает: Сопровождение процессов рекрутинга, включая взаимодействие с... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2025-12-29 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%89%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b0-%d0%be%d1%82-%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b0-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6952528fb125a В современную цифровую эпоху интеллектуальная собственность является одним из самых ценных активов компании или создателя. Однако вместе с ростом объёма онлайн-контента значительно увеличилось количество случаев пиратства и нарушений авторских прав. Юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski решительно защищает творческие и коммерческие права своих клиентов, применяя эффективные правовые механизмы. Цифровое пиратство в Польше может включать нелегальный стриминг, несанкционированный обмен музыкой, фильмами, фотографиями, программным обеспечением или онлайн-курсами. Эти правонарушения влекут как уголовную, так и гражданско-правовую ответственность в соответствии с польским и европейским законодательством. Наши юристы помогают ориентироваться в этих сложных правовых аспектах и обеспечивают всестороннюю защиту ваших прав интеллектуальной собственности. Комплексная стратегия защиты начинается с выявления нарушений и фиксации цифровых доказательств. Мы тесно сотрудничаем с IT-специалистами, правоохранительными органами и прокуратурой, чтобы строить надёжные доказательные базы против нарушителей. Независимо от того, являетесь ли вы международной корпорацией, цифровой платформой или независимым создателем, мы предоставляем практические, ориентированные на результат решения, сочетающие глубокие юридические знания и технологическую экспертизу. В рамках услуг по противодействию пиратству Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm предлагает, среди прочего: Представительство в уголовных и гражданских делах, связанных с цифровым пиратством и нарушениями IP-прав; Сотрудничество с польскими правоохранительными органами, включая Бюро по киберпреступлениям и прокуратуру; Подготовку экспертных заключений по цифровым доказательствам и защите IP в Польше; Юридическую помощь в трансграничных делах, связанных с распространением онлайн-контента и исполнением авторских прав; Профилактические стратегии, включая разработку процедур комплаенса и защиты контента для компаний. Наша фирма успешно вела множество крупных дел, касающихся незаконного использования контента, цифрового мошенничества и нарушений авторских прав. Мы сочетаем юридическую точность с глубоким пониманием технологий, чтобы... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d1%83%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b8-%d1%81%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b-%d0%b2-%d1%81/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_695251eb3f246 Юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski представляет предпринимателей в разбирательствах перед Президентом Управления по защите конкуренции и потребителей (UOKiK), в частности по делам о нарушении коллективных интересов потребителей и делам, связанным с практиками, ограничивающими конкуренцию. Фирма также оказывает поддержку предпринимателям в иных областях деятельности UOKiK, таких как производства по предотвращению задержек платежей и по злоупотреблению договорным преимуществом. Наши юристы представляли крупнейшие польские компании в делах о нарушении коллективных интересов потребителей в банковском, финансовом, страховом, e-commerce, модном и FMCG секторах. Мы сопровождаем как объяснительные производства, так и дела по применению практик, нарушающих коллективные интересы потребителей. В нашем портфолио — несколько престижных решений об обязательстваch (commitment decisions) и решений о прекращении производства, что означает признание UOKiK отсутствия нарушения коллективных интересов потребителей. Мы обладаем широкой экспертизой в области конкуренции. Мы поддерживаем как доминирующих участников рынка, так и предпринимателей, оспаривающих практики монополистов. Наш опыт охватывает представительство по делам о запрещённых соглашениях, ценовых сговорах и злоупотреблении доминирующим положением. Среди обслуживаемых рынков — рынок фитнес-услуг, пассажирских перевозок, FMCG, гостиничный, ИТ и фармацевтический секторы. Дополнительно мы оказываем консультации по вопросам соблюдения законодательства о защите прав потребителей. Мы помогаем компаниям разрабатывать и внедрять политики и процессы, связанные с защитой прав потребителей, а также предотвращать нарушения и связанные с ними риски. Мы обеспечиваем надёжную навигацию по сложному регуляторному полю, помогая бизнесу минимизировать вероятность споров. В рамках услуг по консультированию и судебным спорам в сфере защиты прав потребителей Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm также предлагает: Консультирование по вопросам защиты прав потребителей в Польше; Оценку моделей продаж на предмет соответствия законодательству о... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_69524ef79c6a7 Договорное право регулирует создание, интерпретацию и исполнение соглашений между сторонами. Независимо от того, готовите ли вы новый договор, анализируете существующее соглашение или сталкиваетесь со спором, юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski предоставляет комплексные услуги, охватывающие все аспекты договорного права, обеспечивая вам уверенность в заключении сделок. Наша команда специализируется на подготовке ясных и детально проработанных договоров, адаптированных под ваши потребности. Мы уделяем время изучению ваших целей и особенностей отрасли, чтобы создать юридически корректные соглашения, минимизирующие риски и защищающие ваши интересы. От трудовых контрактов до договоров партнёрства — мы гарантируем точное формулирование всех ключевых условий. Перед подписанием любого соглашения крайне важно тщательно изучить и согласовать его условия. Мы проводим детальную проверку договоров, выявляем потенциальные проблемы и предлагаем поправки, соответствующие вашим целям. Наши юристы, обладающие высоким уровнем переговорных навыков, представляют ваши интересы и помогают добиться максимально выгодных условий. Если происходит нарушение договора, наша фирма готова предложить оптимальные шаги. Мы анализируем обстоятельства нарушения, оцениваем возможные способы защиты и сопровождаем клиента в переговорах, медиации или судебных разбирательствах. Наша цель — эффективно урегулировать спор, сохраняя ваши права и инвестиции. Контракты часто должны соответствовать разнообразным юридическим и регуляторным требованиям. Мы помогаем клиентам ориентироваться в этих сложностях, обеспечивая соответствие соглашений законодательству и минимизацию возможных рисков. Такой профилактический подход снижает вероятность споров и повышает исполнимость договора. Помимо решения конкретных вопросов, мы предоставляем постоянное консультирование, помогая клиентам понимать свои договорные права и обязанности. Такой подход позволяет принимать взвешенные решения на всех этапах жизненного цикла договора. В области договорного права юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski также предлагает: Подготовку и правовую оценку различных... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85%d0%be%d0%b4-%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%bd%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%b0-%d0%b8%d0%b7-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b8/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_695249590623a Юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski понимает, что закрытие бизнеса может быть столь же сложным, как и его открытие. Наша опытная команда юристов предоставляет комплексную поддержку иностранным инвесторам, которые планируют завершить деятельность в Польше. Мы обеспечиваем плавный, эффективный и полностью соответствующий законодательству процесс. Мы начинаем с детального юридического анализа текущей ситуации вашего бизнеса. Команда предоставляет индивидуальные рекомендации и разрабатывает стратегический план выхода. Мы учитываем все правовые и финансовые аспекты, минимизируем риски и повышаем эффективность процесса. Наши специалисты полностью сопровождают процедуру ликвидации и снятия компании с реестра. Мы подготавливаем необходимую документацию, взаимодействуем с компетентными органами и обеспечиваем соблюдение польских требований. Независимо от того, закрываете ли вы sp. z o. o. , S. A. или другую форму юридического лица, мы предлагаем комплексную поддержку. Эффективное финансовое и налоговое планирование играет ключевую роль в успешном выходе из бизнеса. Мы работаем с доверенными налоговыми консультантами, чтобы предоставить стратегические рекомендации по управлению налоговыми обязательствами, соблюдению местных и международных норм, а также оптимизации финансового результата. Урегулирование кадровых вопросов — важнейшая часть процедуры закрытия. Мы оказываем юридическую поддержку в вопросах уведомления сотрудников, расчёта компенсаций и проведения процедур расторжения трудовых договоров. Наша цель — обеспечить полное соблюдение обязательств перед работниками в соответствии с польским трудовым правом. Если ваш бизнес располагает активами, подлежащими продаже, мы сопровождаем процесс их ликвидации. Мы оказываем поддержку при продаже активов, переговорах и подготовке договоров. Наша задача — максимизировать стоимость активов и обеспечить правовую чистоту операций. Мы гарантируем завершение всех финальных процедур по снятию компании с реестров, включая подачу необходимых документов в Национальный судебный реестр (KRS). Наша... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%81%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%bf%d0%be-%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%8f%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%d0%bc-%d0%b8-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%bb%d0%be%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f%d0%bc-ma-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_6952464f43e88 В динамичном мире бизнеса сделки по слияниям и поглощениям (M&A) являются ключевыми стратегиями роста и расширения. Участие в сделках M&A открывает новые возможности для развития вашей организации, однако юридическая сложность таких процессов может стать серьёзным вызовом. Адвокатское бюро Kopeć Zaborowski предоставляет профессиональные юридические услуги, обеспечивающие плавное проведение сделок и позволяющие клиентам уверенно ориентироваться в нюансах польского законодательства. Слияния и поглощения предполагают консолидацию компаний или активов и являются важными инструментами для увеличения доли рынка, усиления компетенций и повышения прибыльности. Однако такие сделки требуют тщательного планирования и исполнения с учётом множества юридических, финансовых и операционных аспектов. Наша команда сопровождает клиентов на каждом этапе процесса M&A. Комплексная процедура due diligence является обязательной для выявления потенциальных рисков и обязательств. Наши юристы проводят тщательную проверку финансовой документации, договоров и вопросов соблюдения нормативных требований, предоставляя вам полное понимание положения целевой компании. Правильно выстроенная структура сделки имеет решающее значение для достижения бизнес-целей. Мы помогаем в переговорах и формировании условий, соответствующих вашей стратегии — будь то покупка активов, приобретение долей/акций или слияние. В Польше сделки M&A могут подпадать под различные правовые требования, включая антимонопольное регулирование и секторальные разрешения. Наша фирма обеспечивает строгое соблюдение всех нормативных требований, минимизируя риски задержек или санкций. Чёткие и юридически выверенные договоры — основа успешной сделки. Мы разрабатываем и готовим договоры купли-продажи, акционерные соглашения и прочие необходимые документы, обеспечивая максимальную защиту ваших интересов. Успех сделки M&A во многом зависит от эффективной интеграции. Мы консультируем по вопросам объединения корпоративных культур, перехода сотрудников и оптимизации операционных процессов после завершения сделки. В рамках сделок M&A юридическая фирма... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b8-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%be%d0%b1%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_695242da7d650 Как одна из ведущих юридических фирм в Польше, мы предлагаем комплексные правовые решения, адаптированные к уникальным потребностям иностранных компаний и частных лиц, сталкивающихся со сложностями польского налогового и регуляторного законодательства. Наша команда сопровождает вас во всех вопросах, связанных с соблюдением местных норм и налоговых обязательств, позволяя вам сосредоточиться на главном — развитии вашего бизнеса. Услуги в области регулирования и налогообложения охватывают широкий спектр юридических и консультационных действий, направленных на помощь клиентам в соблюдении польского законодательства и оптимизации их налоговой нагрузки. Эти услуги особенно важны для иностранных компаний, стремящихся создать или расширить своё присутствие в Польше, а также для физических лиц, которым требуется поддержка в навигации по местной правовой системе. Мы понимаем, что каждый бизнес уникален, поэтому предоставляем индивидуальный подход к каждому клиенту. Независимо от того, являетесь ли вы небольшой стартап-компанией или крупной международной корпорацией, мы внимательно анализируем ваши потребности и вызовы, предлагая персонализированные решения, обеспечивающие эффективный рост. В сфере регулирования и налогообложения юридическая фирма Kopeć & Zaborowski предоставляет: Консультации по вопросам регуляторного соответствия польскому законодательству и требованиям, относящимся к любой форме бизнеса или присутствия на польском рынке. Представительство в контактах с государственными учреждениями и административными органами. Представительство в административных производствах перед польскими органами, включая: Комиссию по финансовому надзору (KNF), Управление по конкуренции и защите прав потребителей (UOKiK), Органы местного самоуправления, Правоохранительные органы. Оценку налоговых позиций и консультации по налоговым вопросам. Представительство в процедурах перед польскими налоговыми органами. Возврат удерживаемого налога (withholding tax recovery). Наш опыт в проектах по регуляторным и налоговым вопросам Наша фирма успешно реализовала многочисленные проекты высокого уровня... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%ba%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b9-%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d1%8b/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_69523f8989981 В современном динамичном бизнес-среде сильная корпоративная культура — это не просто дополнительное преимущество. Это ключевой элемент успеха организации. Чётко определённая культура укрепляет вовлечённость сотрудников, повышает эффективность и улучшает общие результаты бизнеса. В Kopeć & Zaborowski мы специализируемся на создании и развитии корпоративной культуры, которая соответствует ценностям, миссии и стратегическим целям вашей организации. Корпоративная культура включает убеждения, нормы поведения и ценности, определяющие, как сотрудники взаимодействуют и работают внутри организации. Позитивная культура способствует высокому моральному духу, увеличению продуктивности и улучшению показателей удержания сотрудников. Организации с сильной культурой легче привлекают таланты и адаптируются к изменениям рынка. В противоположность этому слабая или токсичная культура приводит к снижению вовлечённости, высокой текучести и падению эффективности. Наша команда проводит комплексные оценки, чтобы понять текущую корпоративную культуру вашей организации. Мы используем опросы, интервью и фокус-группы для сбора информации на всех уровнях, определяя сильные стороны и области для улучшения. Мы тесно сотрудничаем с руководством для определения или корректировки видения, миссии и ключевых ценностей организации. Чёткое и вдохновляющее видение задаёт направление развития, а ценности становятся основой для принятия решений и формирования поведения. Вовлечённые сотрудники вносят значимый вклад в культуру компании. Мы помогаем работодателям внедрять программы вовлечённости, включая системы признания достижений, тимбилдинги и возможности профессионального развития. Мы также убеждены, что разнообразие и инклюзия усиливают инновации. Мы помогаем внедрять политики и практики, обеспечивающие равные возможности, уважение и комфорт для всех сотрудников. Культурная трансформация часто требует организационных изменений. Наша команда консультирует по вопросам управления переменами, помогая пройти трансформацию плавно и обеспечить поддержку со стороны сотрудников. Формирование сильной культуры — это непрерывный процесс. Мы... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2026-01-09 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_69523d9013307 Польша представляет собой динамично развивающийся рынок для предпринимателей и компаний, стремящихся расширить свою деятельность в Европе. Регистрация компании в Польше может стать стратегическим шагом, однако ориентироваться в правовых и административных требованиях бывает непросто. В Kopeć Zaborowski мы специализируемся на предоставлении индивидуально подобранных юридических услуг, упрощающих процесс регистрации и позволяющих вам заложить прочный фундамент для будущего успеха вашего бизнеса. Устойчивая польская экономика, квалифицированная рабочая сила и выгодное географическое положение делают страну привлекательной для иностранных инвесторов. Регистрация компании в Польше обеспечивает доступ на рынок Европейского Союза, а также предлагает различные льготы и системы поддержки. Однако понимание юридических требований и процедур имеет ключевое значение для соблюдения законодательства и оптимального построения структуры бизнеса. Выбор правильной правовой формы для бизнеса является важнейшим шагом. Мы помогаем разобраться в доступных вариантах в Польше, включая общество с ограниченной ответственностью (sp. z o. o. ), акционерное общество (S. A. ) и различные формы партнерств, чтобы вы могли выбрать структуру, максимально соответствующую вашим целям. Процесс регистрации компании требует подготовки определённого пакета документов, включая устав, бизнес-план и регистрационные формы. Наша опытная команда помогает подготовить и проверить все необходимые документы, обеспечивая их полное соответствие юридическим стандартам. Ориентация в польской нормативно-правовой системе может быть сложной задачей. Мы гарантируем, что ваша компания будет соответствовать всем местным законам и требованиям, включая налоговую регистрацию, получение необходимых разрешений и выполнение отчетных обязательств. Открытие расчетного банковского счета является важным этапом процесса регистрации. Мы консультируем по требованиям и сопровождаем вас при открытии корпоративного банковского счёта, обеспечивая бесперебойное финансовое функционирование компании. После регистрации компании соблюдение текущих обязательств — ключевой фактор... --- - Published: 2025-12-29 - Modified: 2025-12-29 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/ru/specialization/%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%89%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b0-%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bf%d1%83%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5/ - Tags: Русский - : pll_695239d49597c В современном взаимосвязанном мире медиа и социальных сетей репутация стала одним из ключевых активов как для частных лиц, так и для компаний. Защита доброго имени, имиджа и доверия является фундаментальным элементом, позволяющим utrzymać надежность и osiągać успех w biznesie. Адвокатское бюро Kopeć & Zaborowski предоставляет комплексные юридические услуги, направленные на защиту репутации и личных неимущественных прав в соответствии с польским законодательством. Клевета, оскорбления и распространение ложной информации могут происходить через традиционные СМИ, интернет-платформы или публичные заявления. Польское гражданское и уголовное право предусматривает эффективные механизмы реагирования на такие нарушения — от требований об опровержении и извинениях до взыскания денежной компенсации и привлечения нарушителей к уголовной ответственности. Наши юристы сочетают богатый опыт судебных процессов со стратегическими навыками коммуникации и управления кризисными ситуациями, обеспечивая конфиденциальность, деликатность и результативность на каждом этапе дела. В рамках защиты репутации и личных прав адвокатское бюро Kopeć & Zaborowski предлагает, в частности: Представительство в гражданских и уголовных делах о клевете и нарушении права на изображение в польских судах;  Подготовку и переговоры по поводу официальных заявлений, извинений и опровержений в контактах со СМИ;  Юридические консультации по управлению онлайн-репутацией и удалению порочащих материалов из интернета;  Поддержку в кризисных ситуациях в сотрудничестве со специалистами по PR и коммуникации;  Защиту журналистов, публичных фигур и корпораций в ситуациях, когда против них выдвигаются претензии о нанесении репутационного ущерба.   Наша фирма представляла множество публичных персон, руководителей компаний и международных корпораций в сложных и резонансных делах о защите репутации, включая трансграничные споры о клевете. Благодаря глубокому знанию польского медиа-права и стратегий судебного процесса мы обеспечиваем,... --- - Published: 2025-10-28 - Modified: 2025-10-28 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/protection-against-piracy-in-poland/ - Tags: English - : pll_6952528fb125a In today’s digital era, intellectual property is one of the most valuable assets a company or creator can possess. However, with the rapid growth of online content, piracy and copyright violations have become increasingly prevalent. At Kopeć & Zaborowski, we are committed to protecting the creative and commercial rights of our clients through decisive and effective legal action. Digital piracy in Poland may involve illegal streaming, unauthorized sharing of music, films, photos, software, or online courses. These offences carry both criminal and civil liability under Polish and EU law. Our experienced lawyers navigate these complexities to ensure that your intellectual property is fully safeguarded. A comprehensive protection strategy begins with the correct identification of violations and securing digital evidence. Our team works closely with IT experts, law enforcement authorities, and prosecutors to build robust cases against infringers. Whether you are an international corporation, digital platform, or independent creator, our firm provides practical, results-oriented solutions that combine deep legal knowledge with technological insight. In terms of matters related to anti-piracy protection, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm offers, among others: Legal representation in criminal and civil proceedings involving digital piracy and IP infringement; Cooperation with Polish law enforcement agencies, including the Cybercrime Bureau and prosecutors; Preparation of expert reports on digital evidence and IP protection in Poland; Legal assistance in cross-border cases involving online content distribution and copyright enforcement; Preventive strategies, including the development of compliance and content-protection procedures for companies. Our firm has successfully handled numerous high-profile cases concerning illegal content... --- - Published: 2025-10-28 - Modified: 2025-11-19 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/protection-of-reputation-in-poland/ - Tags: English - : pll_695239d49597c In the interconnected world of media and social networks, reputation has become one of the most critical assets for both individuals and companies. Protecting one’s good name, image, and credibility is essential in maintaining trust and business success. At Kopeć & Zaborowski, we provide comprehensive legal services dedicated to defending reputation and personal rights under Polish law. Defamation, slander, and the spread of false information may occur through traditional media, online platforms, or public statements. Polish civil and criminal law provides strong mechanisms to respond to such violations — from claims for rectification and apology to financial compensation and criminal liability of offenders. Our lawyers combine extensive courtroom experience with strategic communication and crisis-management skills, ensuring that every case is handled with discretion and efficiency. In matters related to the protection of reputation and personal rights, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm offers, among others: Representation in defamation and image-protection proceedings before Polish civil and criminal courts; Drafting and negotiation of statements, apologies, and rectifications with media entities; Legal advice on online reputation management and removal of defamatory content from the internet; Support in crisis situations in cooperation with PR and communication experts; Defence of journalists, public figures, and corporations in cases where claims of reputational damage are raised against them. Our firm has represented numerous public figures, CEOs, and international corporations in complex and high-profile reputation cases, including cross-border defamation disputes. With deep understanding of Polish media law and litigation strategy, we ensure that your image remains your strongest asset. --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/company-incorporation/ - Tags: English - : pll_69523d9013307 Poland presents a vibrant and growing market for entrepreneurs and businesses looking to expand their operations in Europe. Incorporating a company in Poland can be a strategic move, but navigating the regulatory landscape can be complex. At Kopeć Zaborowski, we specialize in providing tailored legal services to simplify the incorporation process, helping you lay a solid foundation for your business success. Poland's robust economy, skilled workforce, and advantageous geographical location make it an attractive destination for foreign investors. Incorporating your business here not only allows access to the European Union market but also provides various incentives and support systems. However, understanding the legal requirements and processes involved is crucial to ensure compliance and optimize your business structure. Choosing the right legal form for your business is essential. We guide you through the various options available in Poland, including limited liability companies (sp. z o. o. ), joint-stock companies (S. A. ) and partnerships, helping you select the structure that best aligns with your goals. The incorporation process requires specific documentation, including articles of association, business plans, and registration forms. Our experienced team assists in preparing and reviewing all necessary documents to ensure they meet legal standards. Navigating Poland's regulatory framework can be challenging. We ensure that your company complies with all local laws and regulations, including tax registrations, obtaining necessary permits, and fulfilling reporting obligations. Opening a business bank account is a crucial step in the incorporation process. We provide guidance on the requirements and assist you in establishing a... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/regulatory-tax/ - Tags: English - : pll_695242da7d650 As a leading law firm in Poland, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive legal solutions tailored to meet the unique needs of foreign businesses and individuals navigating the complexities of the Polish tax and regulatory landscape. Our team is here to guide you through the intricacies of local compliance and taxation, ensuring that you can focus on what you do best—growing your business. Tax & Regulatory services encompass a wide range of legal and advisory functions designed to help clients comply with Polish laws while optimizing their tax obligations. These services are crucial for foreign entities looking to establish or expand their presence in Poland, as well as for individuals seeking assistance in navigating the local legal framework. Recognizing that no two businesses are alike, we take a tailored approach to our services. Whether you're a small startup or an established multinational corporation, we work closely with you to understand your specific needs and challenges, delivering customized solutions that drive success. In terms of matters related to regulatory and tax, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm offers: Advisory on regulatory compliance with Polish laws and regulatory obligations for any kind of business activity or business presence in Poland Representation in contacts with government agencies and administrative bodies Representation in administrative proceedings before Polish authorities, including: Financial Supervision Comission (KNF) Office for Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) Municipalities Criminal authorities Tax position assessment and advisory Representation in proceedings before Polish tax authorities Withholding tax recovery Our firm has successfully executed numerous high-profile... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/consumer-protection-advisory-litigation/ - Tags: English - : pll_695251eb3f246 Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm represents entrepreneurs in proceedings before the President of the UOKiK (Office of Competition and Consumer Protection), in particular in cases of violation of collective consumer interests and in cases involving competition-restricting practices. The law firm also offers support to entrepreneurs in the remaining scope of action of the President of the UOKiK, i. e. in proceedings for counteracting payment blockages and for abuse of contractual advantage. Our lawyers have represented major Polish companies in proceedings for infringement of collective consumer interests in, among others, the banking, financial, insurance, e-commerce, clothing and FMCG markets. Our services include both explanatory proceedings and the so-called proceedings on the application of practices infringing the collective interests of consumers. Our lawyers have to their credit several prestigious commitment decisions and decisions to discontinue proceedings, i. e. admissions by the UOKiK that the questioned practice does not infringe the collective interests of consumers. We have also wide expertise in the area of competition law. We support both market dominants and entrepreneurs challenging the market practices of monopolists. Our experience covers representation during proceedings concerning prohibited agreements, collusive pricing and abuse of dominant position. Markets served include the fitness services market, passenger transport market, FMCG, hotel, IT and pharmaceutical markets. Additionally, we provide advisory services to businesses to ensure compliance with consumer protection laws and regulations. Our team assists with developing and implementing policies that include obligations related to the protection of consumer rights and prevent legal issues. We help businesses navigate... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/claim-recovery-in-poland/ - Tags: English - : pll_69526604a3cb2 Claim recovery refers to the legal processes undertaken to recover debts or losses incurred due to non-payment, contractual disputes, or other obligations that have not been satisfied. Our firm offers a comprehensive suite of services aimed at efficiently managing the various aspects of recovery while protecting your interests. We assist our clients in recovering outstanding debts, whether from individuals or corporate entities. Our approach includes conducting thorough assessments of debts, evaluating the likelihood of recovery, and implementing tailored strategies that can include negotiation, mediation, or litigation, depending on the situation. Our goal is to recover debts efficiently while minimizing any potential disruptions to your business. In instances where contracts are breached, whether due to unpaid invoices, failure to deliver goods, or not meeting service standards, our team is here to advocate for you. We analyze the specifics of your case, gathering all necessary documentation and evidence to support your claim, ensuring that your rights are fully represented. For clients dealing with cross-border issues, our firm provides services tailored to international claim recovery processes. We understand the complexities involved in different legal jurisdictions and work to ensure compliance with relevant regulations while pursuing your claim. When amicable resolutions are not reachable through negotiation, our experienced lawyers are prepared to represent you in court or arbitration proceedings. We have a proven track record in effectively managing disputes and achieving favorable outcomes for our clients. Our team possesses extensive experience in claim recovery across various sectors, equipping us to handle a diverse range... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/business-litigation-in-poland/ - Tags: English - : pll_695258caa3116 Business dispute resolution is one of our core specialisms. We understand how far business disputes remain from business as usual and how important it is for businesses, their owners and managers to manage the dispute properly. This is why we complement our day-to-day advice to national and international business with specialized litigation support. The goal of our litigation team is: prevention of disputes, e. g. through an in-house anti-litigation service; support for companies in process risk analysis and management; taking over the complete management of a dispute, including support in internal processes (e. g. acquisition of evidence, information and communication flow); defence of companies' interests against unfair claims; in-court and out-of-court settlement of claims; handling mass claims. Our lawyers successfully advise Polish and international companies in disputes of a unique nature or significant complexity. We represent our clients' interests before courts of all instances, arbitration tribunals and international organizations. Our unique substantive expertise enables us to deliver the highest level of litigation service to our clients. From strategic disputes to significant commercial matters to handling mass claims, our clients appreciate us for our efficiency, the quality of the solutions we create and our confidence in handling each case well. In terms of matters related to business litigation in Poland, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm offers also: Comprehensive representation of foreign businesses in disputes before Polish courts and the Polish Supreme Court; Advisory on disputes with Polish counterparties; Award enforcement in Poland and against Polish entities; Asset recovery in Poland. Our... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/contracts/ - Tags: English - : pll_69524ef79c6a7 Contract law governs the creation, interpretation, and enforcement of agreements between parties. Whether you are drafting a new contract, reviewing existing agreements, or faced with a dispute, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm offers comprehensive services to address all facets of contract law, ensuring that you are equipped to engage in transactions with confidence. Our team specializes in drafting clear and comprehensive contracts tailored to your specific needs. We take the time to understand your objectives and the nuances of your industry to create legally sound agreements that minimize risks and protect your interests. From employment contracts to partnership agreements, we ensure that all essential terms are effectively articulated. Before entering into any agreement, it is vital to review and negotiate the terms thoroughly. We provide meticulous contract review services to identify potential issues and suggest modifications that align with your goals. Our skilled in negotiations lawyers advocate on your behalf to secure favorable terms, helping you to achieve advantageous outcomes in your agreements. In the event of a breach, our Law Firm is prepared to assist you in determining the best course of action. We analyze the circumstances surrounding the breach, evaluate potential remedies, and guide you through negotiation, mediation, or litigation processes as necessary. Our aim is to facilitate the resolution of disputes while protecting your rights and investments. Contracts must often comply with various legal and regulatory frameworks. We help clients navigate these complexities, ensuring that agreements meet the necessary legal requirements and effectively address potential compliance issues.... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/employee-layoffs/ - Tags: English - : pll_695261d06594b In today's dynamic business environment, organizations often face challenging decisions, including the need for workforce reductions. Understanding the complexities surrounding employment layoffs is crucial for both employers and employees. At Kopeć & Zaborowski, we specialize in providing comprehensive legal services that navigate the intricacies of employment law in Poland, ensuring that our clients are well-informed and supported throughout the process. While layoffs may be necessary for business sustainability, they can have significant legal implications. Our firm is dedicated to guiding both employers and employees through this multifaceted landscape, helping to mitigate risks and ensure compliance with Polish labor laws. As a business owner or HR professional, managing layoffs requires careful planning and execution. Our experienced legal team assists employers on every stage. We help develop a comprehensive layoff strategy that aligns with your business objectives while minimizing legal risks. This includes identifying criteria for employee selection and ensuring transparency throughout the process. As Poland has specific regulations governing layoffs, including the need for consultation with employee representatives and adherence to notice periods, we ensure that all legal requirements are met to avoid potential disputes. Crafting fair severance packages is vital for maintaining a positive employer brand. Our attorneys negotiate and draft severance agreements that protect your interests while providing fair compensation to affected employees. Finally, in the event of disagreements arising from layoffs, we provide effective dispute resolution strategies, including mediation and representation in labor court if necessary. In terms of matters related to employee layoffs, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/exit-of-business-from-poland/ - Tags: English - : pll_695249590623a At Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm, we understand that exiting a business can be as complex as starting one. Our experienced legal team is here to provide comprehensive support for foreign investors looking to close their business operations in Poland. We ensure that the process is smooth, efficient, and compliant with all legal requirements. We begin by conducting a thorough legal analysis of your business situation. Our team provides tailored advice and develops a strategic plan for the exit process. We ensure that all legal and financial aspects are considered, minimizing risks and maximizing efficiency. Our experts handle all aspects of company liquidation and deregistration. We assist with preparing necessary documentation, liaising with relevant authorities, and ensuring compliance with Polish regulations. Whether you are closing a limited liability company, joint-stock company, or other legal entity, we provide comprehensive support. Effective financial and tax planning is crucial for a successful business exit. We collaborate with entrusted tax experts to provide strategic advice on managing tax liabilities, ensuring compliance with local and international tax regulations, and optimizing the financial outcome of the exit process. Managing employee-related matters is a critical aspect of business closure. We provide legal support for employee notifications, compensation calculations, and termination procedures. Our goal is to ensure that all employee-related obligations are met in compliance with Polish labor laws. If your business has assets that need to be liquidated, our team can assist with the process. We provide legal support for the sale of assets, negotiation of terms,... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/building-holding-structures/ - Tags: English - : pll_69525e7769143 At Kopeć Zaborowski Law Firm, we specialize in providing comprehensive legal services for building holding structures in Poland. Our experienced team is dedicated to guiding foreign investors through the complexities of Polish law, ensuring a smooth and efficient process for establishing and managing holding structures. We begin by understanding your business goals and objectives in order to provide tailored legal advice and develops a strategic plan to establish a holding structure that aligns with your needs. We ensure compliance with Polish regulations and optimize the structure for tax efficiency and operational effectiveness. We offer ongoing legal support to ensure your company adheres to all regulatory requirements. Our services include drafting and reviewing corporate documents, advising on shareholder agreements, and ensuring compliance with reporting obligations. At the same time, we understand that effective tax planning is essential for maximizing the benefits of your holding structure. We collaborate closely with entrusted tax experts in order to provide strategic advice on tax optimization, helping you navigate the complexities of Polish tax law. We assist with structuring transactions, managing tax liabilities, and ensuring compliance with local and international tax regulations. For holding structures that involve real estate investments, we offer specialized legal services in property acquisition, management, and leasing. Our lawyers assist with negotiating and drafting lease agreements, handling property disputes, and ensuring compliance with Polish real estate laws. In terms of matters related to building holding structures, Kopeć & Zaborowski Law Firm offers also: Preparing the strategy of the capital group’s activity, considering... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/ma-transactions/ - Tags: English - : pll_6952464f43e88 In the fast-paced realm of business, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are pivotal strategies for growth and expansion. Engaging in M&A transactions can open new avenues for your organization, but the legal complexities involved can be daunting. At Kopeć Zaborowski, we are committed to providing expert legal services that facilitate seamless transactions, ensuring our clients navigate the intricacies of Polish law with confidence. Mergers and acquisitions involve the consolidation of companies or assets, serving as vital tools for increasing market share, enhancing capabilities, and driving profitability. However, these transactions require meticulous planning and execution to address various legal, financial, and operational considerations. Our dedicated team is here to support you at every stage of the M&A process. A comprehensive due diligence process is essential for identifying potential risks and liabilities. Our lawyers conduct thorough investigations into financial records, contracts, and compliance issues to provide you with a clear picture of the target company’s standing. Crafting the right deal structure is crucial for achieving your business objectives. We assist in negotiating terms that align with your strategic goals, whether through asset purchases, stock acquisitions, or mergers. In Poland, M&A transactions may be subject to various legal regulations, including antitrust laws and sector-specific approvals. Our firm ensures that all regulatory requirements are meticulously adhered to, minimizing the risk of delays or penalties. Clear and effective contracts are fundamental to successful transactions. We provide expert drafting services for purchase agreements, shareholder agreements, and other necessary documentation, ensuring that your interests are robustly protected. The... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/investment-in-real-estate/ - Tags: English - : pll_69525baf4ecec Poland, with its rich history, vibrant culture, and dynamic economy, has become an increasingly attractive destination for foreign investors. As a leading law firm dedicated to facilitating real estate investments, we offer comprehensive legal services tailored to the needs of international clients seeking to invest in Polish property. Our expertise ensures that your investment journey is smooth, secure, and successful. Poland's real estate market has shown remarkable resilience and growth, making it a prime location for investors. With a strategic geographical position in Central Europe, a growing economy, and a stable political environment, Poland offers numerous opportunities in various sectors, including residential, commercial, and industrial real estate. Moreover, the demand for properties continues to rise, driven by urbanization, favorable demographics, and increasing foreign interest. Navigating the complexities of the Polish real estate market can be challenging, especially for foreign investors unfamiliar with local laws and regulations. Kopeć & Zaborowski specializes in providing legal assistance in various aspects of real estate investment. We conduct thorough due diligence to assess the legal status of properties, ensuring there are no encumbrances or legal disputes. This process includes verifying ownership, zoning regulations, and any potential liabilities. Our experienced team will negotiate and draft all necessary contracts, including purchase agreements, lease agreements, and joint venture agreements, ensuring that your interests are protected at all times. We provide guidance on financing options available for real estate investments, including mortgages, loans, and investment funds. Our expertise ensures that you secure the best possible financial arrangements for your... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/building-corporate-culture-of-the-organization/ - Tags: English - : pll_69523f8989981 In today’s fast-paced business environment, a strong corporate culture is not just a nice-to-have. It is an essential component of organizational success. A well-defined corporate culture fosters employee engagement, drives performance, and enhances overall business results. At Kopeć & Zaborowski, we specialize in helping organizations create and cultivate a corporate culture that aligns with their core values, mission and strategic objectives. Corporate culture encompasses the beliefs, behaviors, and values that shape how employees interact and work together within an organization. A positive corporate culture can lead to higher employee morale, increased productivity, and improved retention rates. Moreover, organizations with a strong culture are better positioned to attract top talent and adapt to changes in the marketplace. In contrast, a weak or toxic culture can result in disengagement, high turnover, and diminished organizational performance. Our team conducts comprehensive assessments to understand the existing culture within your organization. We utilize surveys, interviews, and focus groups to gather insights from employees at all levels, identifying strengths and areas for improvement. We work closely with leadership teams to define or refine the organization's vision, mission, and core values. A clear and compelling vision serves as a guiding light, while shared values provide a framework for decision-making and behavior. Engaged employees are more likely to contribute positively to the corporate culture. We help employers to develop and implement strategies to enhance employee engagement, including recognition programs, team-building activities, and opportunities for professional development. Additionally, we believe that a diverse and inclusive workplace fosters creativity and... --- - Published: 2025-06-24 - Modified: 2025-10-24 - URL: https://lawyersinpoland.com/specialization/recruitment-and-employment-of-managers-and-employees/ - Tags: English - : pll_6952553139a97 In today’s competitive business landscape, attracting and retaining top talent is crucial for organizational success. The process of recruitment is not just about filling positions - it’s about finding the right individuals who align with your company’s values, culture, and strategic goals. We specialize in helping organizations identify, attract, and hire the best managers and employees to drive growth and innovation. We understand that recruitment is a critical function that significantly impacts your organization’s performance. A well-executed recruitment strategy leads to a more engaged workforce, improved productivity, and lower turnover rates. Conversely, poor hiring decisions can result in high costs, decreased morale, and disruption within teams. It is essential to adopt a strategic approach to recruitment that goes beyond merely reviewing resumes and conducting interviews. Kopeć & Zaborowski offers a range of tailored recruitment services to help you build a high-performing team. Our process begins with a thorough assessment of your organization’s needs. We collaborate with leadership to understand the specific skills, experiences, and qualities required for each position, ensuring that our recruitment efforts are aligned with your strategic objectives. Attracting top talent starts with a strong employer brand. We work with you to develop and enhance your employer value proposition, highlighting what makes your organization a great place to work. This includes defining your company culture, values, and unique benefits that appeal to potential candidates. On the other hand we are committed to promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace. Our recruitment strategies focus on attracting a diverse pool... --- ---